α, ß-Amyrin prevents steatosis and insulin resistance in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD via the AMPK-mTORC1-SREBP1 signaling mechanism

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatosteatosis and steatohepatitis, is intrinsically related to obesity. Our previous study reported on the anti-obese activity of α,β-amyrin (AMY), a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Protium heptaphyllum. This study investigated its ability to prevent fatty liver and the underlying mechanism using the mouse model of NAFLD. NAFLD was induced in male Swiss mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. The controls were fed a normal chow diet (ND). The mice were simultaneously treated with AMY at 10 and 20 mg/kg or fenofibrate at 50 mg/kg. Lipid levels along with metabolic and inflammatory parameters were assessed in liver and serum. The liver sections were histologically examined using H&E staining. RT-qPCR and western blotting assays were performed to analyze signaling mechanisms. Mice fed HFD developed severe hepatic steatosis with elevated triglycerides and lipid droplets compared with ND controls. This was associated with a decrease in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, an increase of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, and enhanced sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) expression, which have roles in lipogenesis, inhibition of lipolysis, and inflammatory response. AMY treatment reversed these signaling activities and decreased the severity of hepatic steatosis and inflammatory response, evidenced by serum and liver parameters as well as histological findings. AMY-induced reduction in hepatic steatosis seemed to involve AMPK-mTORC1-SREBP1 signaling pathways, which supported its beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Effects of vitamin D-induced supernatant of placental explants from preeclamptic women on oxidative stress and nitric oxide bioavailability in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

The study evaluated the effect of the supernatant of placental explants from preeclamptic (PE) and normotensive (NT) pregnant women after tissue treatment with or without vitamin D (VD) on oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Placental explants were prepared from eight NT and eight PE women, and supernatants were obtained after incubation with or without hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or VD. HUVEC were cultured for 24 h with supernatants, and the following parameters were analyzed in HUVEC cultures: NO, nitrate (NO3-), and nitrite (NO2-) levels, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results showed that the production of NO3-, NO2-, malondialdehyde (MDA), and ROS were significantly higher in HUVEC treated with explant supernatant from PE compared to NT pregnant women, while the supernatant of PE explants treated with VD led to a decrease in these parameters. A significantly high production of NO was detected in HUVEC cultured with control supernatant of NT group, and in cultures treated with supernatant of PE explants treated with VD. Taken together, these results demonstrated that cultures of placental explants from PE women with VD treatment generated a supernatant that decreased oxidative stress and increased the bioavailability of NO in endothelial cells.

Preliminary phytochemical and antileishmanial studies of the ethanolic extracts of Pterodon pudescens / Estudos preliminares sobre a fitoquimica e a atividade anti-leishmania de extratos etanólicos de Pterodon pudescens

Pentavalent antimonials are the first choice for the treatment of human leishmaniasis. However in rural areas the traditional plants may be preferred for the treatment of lesions. In recent years a number of papers are published related to the natural products especially plant derivative with infectious diseases. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of Pterodon pubescens which is a native tree widely distributed over the central region of Brazil and used in folk medicine as wine infusions to treat inflammatory disease. The phytochemical screening and the biological essay of ethanolic extract of Pterodon pudescens (PPE) leaves at the concentrations of 150, 300, 450, 600 µg/ml were tested in vitro in Leishmania amazonensis-infected macrophages to support its traditional medicinal use as a leishmaniasis remedy. Phytochemical screening of PPE has shown the presence of catechemical tannins, steroids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. The biological test suggests that PPE were found to control parasite burden of cell cultures in dose-dependent manner. These findings highlight the fact that the apparent potency of Pterodon pudescens compounds, together with their widely distribution over Latin America and Brazil, may represent a promising antileishmanial agent.

Antimoniais pentavalentes são a primeira escolha para o tratamento das leishmanioses humanas. No entanto, no interior brasileiro plantas tradicionais são usadas para o tratamento dessas lesões. De fato, recentes trabalhos tem relatado o potencial terapêutico de produtos naturais, especialmente derivados de plantas. Neste estudo avaliamos a atividade leishmanicida de Pterodon pubescens, uma árvore nativa, distribuída pela região central brasileira e usada em infusões para tratamento de inflamações. Foi realizada a análise fitoquímica e o ensaio in vitro em macrófagos infectados com Leishmania amazonensis em concentrações de 150, 300, 450, 600 µg/ml do extrato etanólico de folhas de Pterodon pudescens (PPE) para comprovar o uso tradicional desta planta como terapia para as leishmanioses. Os testes fitoquímicos indicaram a presença de taninos catequímicos, flavonas, esteroides, triterpenoides, flavonoides e xantonas. Os ensaios biológicos revelaram que o PPE foi capaz de controlar a carga parasitária em macrófagos de maneira dose dependente. Estes resultados corroboram com o potencial terapêutico de compostos de Pterodon pudescens e, junto com sua ampla distribuição no Brasil, podem representar promissor agente leishmanicida.

Mielograma de ratas com disfunção tireoidiana / Bone marrow examination in rats with thyroid dysfunction

The cells of the myelo id, lymphoid , and erythroid lineage s of the bone marrow were quantified in rats with hypo and hyperthyroidism. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: hypothyroid (n=5), hyperthyroid (n=5) , and control (n=5). Three months after the onset of the treatment s, euthanasia was performed . Bone marrow was aspirated from femurs of each animal to perform smear s that were stained with Quick Panoptic. T he percentage s of rubroblast, prorubrocyte, metarubrocyte, myeloblast, promyelocytes, metamyelocytes, myel ocytes, segmented, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and monocytes in were determined a total of 500 cells. The bone marrow of animals with hypothyroidism had hypoplasia. The myeloid:erythroid ratio was higher in animals with thyroid dysfun ction. In hypo and hyperthyroidism, there was a significant reduction of the percentage of rubrocyte, metarubrocyte , and lymphocytes and increase of myelocytes and segmented cells. In hypothyroidism, there was a significant increase in the percentage of me tamyelocytes. It is c oncluded that both hypo and hyperfunction of thyroid increase the myeloid:erythroid ratio by increasing the number of cells of the myeloid lineage and reducing the cells of the erythroid lineage.

Exercise habits in South Trinidad: motivating forces and barriers / Hábitos de ejercicio en Trinidad Sur: fuerzas motivacionales y barreras

OBJECTIVES: There are many benefits of regular exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the exercise habits and knowledge of the benefits of exercise in a South Trinidad population. This study also sought to determine the motivating factors for exercise and the barriers experienced by those who did not exercise. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 700 persons between the ages of 15-75-years in Princes Town, South Trinidad. The exercise habits of the population, the effect of age on exercise and the impact of knowledge of benefits of exercise on the desire to participate in exercise were determined. RESULTS: Of the 66.6% (95% CI: 62.6, 70.3) respondents who exercised, only 10.7% exercised adequately. Walking was the main form of exercise (60.6%). Health reasons were cited as the major motivating factor for exercising in the 60-75-year age group. Persons 15-59 years indicated that time constraints were the major reason for not exercising. Most participants (77.2%) felt that the healthcare provider should advise on exercise. Knowledge of at least one benefit of exercise increased the likelihood of exercising (p < 0.0001). Younger persons were more likely to exercise at least once weekly than older persons (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: A high proportion of persons do not exercise regularly or adequately and efforts are needed to encourage exercise in this population. This study suggests that encouragement should come from healthcare providers. Time management and accumulating daily exercise are two areas to consider when advising sedentary individuals about exercise.

OBJETIVOS: El ejercicio regular posee muchos beneficios. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los hábitos del ejercicio y el conocimiento de los beneficios del ejercicio en una población de Trinidad Sur. Este estudio también buscó determinar los factores motivacionales para el ejercicio, así como las barreras experimentadas por quienes no hacían ejercicios. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se distribuyó una encuesta auto-administrada a 700 personas entre las edades de 15-75 años en Princes Town, Trinidad Sur. Se determinaron los hábitos de ejercicio de la población, el efecto de la edad en el ejercicio y el impacto del conocimiento de los beneficios de en el deseo para participar en los ejercicios. RESULTADOS: De los 66.6% (95% CI: 62.6, 70.3) encuestados que realizaban ejercicios, sólo 10.7% ejercitaban adecuadamente. Caminar era la forma principal de ejercicio (60.6%). Se citaron las razones de salud como el factor motivacional mayor para la ejercitación en el grupo de 60-75 años. Las personas de 15-59 años indicaron que las limitaciones de tiempo constituían la razón mayor para no hacer ejercicios. La mayoría de los participantes (77.2%) opinaban que el proveedor de los cuidados de salud debía aconsejar el ejercicio. El conocimiento de por lo menos un beneficio de los ejercicios aumentó la probabilidad de la ejercitación (p < 0.0001). Las personas más jóvenes mostraban una probabilidad mayor de hacer ejercicios por lo menos una vez semanalmente, que las personas de mayor edad (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIÓN: Un número elevado de personas no hacían ejercicios regularmente o adecuadamente, y se requiere un esfuerzo para estimular los ejercicios en esta población. Este estudio sugiere que el estímulo debe venir de los proveedores de los cuidados de salud. La administración del tiempo y la acumulación de ejercicios diariamente son dos áreas a considerar a la hora de aconsejar a los individuos sedentarios sobre la necesidad de hacer ejercicios.

Parâmetros da degradação protéica ruminal de diferentes alimentos e rações estimados por técnica in vitro / Parameters of ruminal protein degradation of different feeds and diets estimated by an in vitro method

Foram realizados três experimentos para estudar os parâmetros de degradação protéica ruminal. No primeiro, foram incubadas, em líquido ruminal de bovinos, dietas isoprotéicas contendo capim-elefante, fubá de milho e farelo de soja, em cinco níveis de concentrado (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 e 100:0), adicionado ou não de monensina (5µM). Houve efeito linear decrescente do nível de concentrado sobre a concentração de amônia e degradabilidade da proteína bruta (DPB), e efeito cúbico sobre a concentração de proteína solúvel, com máximo valor em dieta com 25 por cento de concentrado. A monensina diminuiu a DPB e a concentração de proteína solúvel, sem afetar a produção de amônia. No segundo experimento, foram incubados cinco diferentes volumosos (silagens de milho - Zea mays L. e de capim-elefante - Pennisetum purpureum, silagem pré-secada de braquiária -Brachiaria decumbens, feno de Tifton 85 -Cynodon sp. amonizado e feno de Tifton 85). A silagem pré-secada de capim-braquiária e o feno de Tifton 85 amonizado apresentaram as maiores concentrações de amônia (8,7 e 5,3mg/dl) e proteína solúvel (5,4 e 7,0mg/dl), devido aos seus maiores teores de PB, seguidos da silagem de capim-elefante e feno de Tifton 85. A DPB variou de 29,6 a 80,6 por cento, para a silagem pré-secada de braquiária e para o feno de Tifton 85, e a degradabilidade potencial da matéria seca de 40,1 a 64,3 por cento, para a silagem de capim-elefante e silagem pré-secada de braquiária, respectivamente. A degradabilidade efetiva da proteína bruta apresentou baixos valores devido à baixa taxa de degradação da fração insolúvel. No terceiro experimento, foram incubados diferentes tipos de camas de frango (casca de café, capim-elefante seco picado, sabugo de milho ou cepilho), contendo ou não monensina (5µM). Não houve diferença nas concentrações de amônia entre as diferentes camas de frango, na ausência de monensina. Entretanto, com monensina, a cama de capim-elefante apresentou o...

Three experiments were carried out in order to study the parameters of ruminal protein degradation. In the first, isoproteic diets, constituted of elephant grass, ground corn and soybean meal, at five concentrate levels (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 e 100:0), with or without monensin (5µM), were incubated in ruminal fluid of bovines. There was a decreasing linear effect of the concentrate level on ammonia concentration and degradability of crude protein, and cubic effect in soluble protein concentration, with the largest value in the diet with 25 percent concentrate. Monensin decreased degradability of crude protein and soluble protein concentration with no effect on ammonia production. In the second, five different roughages (corn and elephant grass silage - Pennisetum purpureum, Brachiaria haylage - Brachiaria decumbens, ammoniated Tifton 85 hay - Cynodon sp. e Tifton 85 hay). The were incubated Brachiaria haylage and the ammoniated Tifton 85 hay showed the greatest concentrations of ammonia (8.7 and 5.3mg/dl) and soluble protein (5.4 and 7.0mg/dl), due to their higher crude protein content, followed by elephant grass silage and Tifton 85 hay. The degradability of crude protein ranged from 29.6 to 80.6 percent for Brachiaria haylage and Tifton 85 hay, and the degradability of dry matter ranged from 40.1 to 64.3 percent for elephant grass silage and Brachiaria haylage, respectively. The effective degradability of crude protein showed low values due to low degradation rate of the insoluble fraction. In the third, four different poultry litter (hulls coffee, shopped dry elephant grass, corn cobs and wood shavings) were incubated, with or without monensin (5µM). No difference in ammonia concentration among the poultry litter samples, was observed in the absence of monensin. However, when monensin was present, the grass poultry litter showed the lowest ammonia level and wood poultry litter the highest. The poultry litter influenced the soluble...

Antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in Down syndrome patients

The majority of children with Down syndrome (DS) tend to have frequent bacterial infections including recurrent respiratory infections. Our objective was to evaluate the production of antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens after active immunization in DS subjects. IgG antibodies to pneumococcal serotypes (1, 3, 6B, 9V, and 14) were measured before and 6 weeks after immunization with a 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumo23®, Pasteur-Merrieux) in 6- to 13-year-old DS children (N = 17) and in aged-matched normal controls (N = 30). An adequate response was defined as a 4-fold increase over baseline or a post-immunization level of specific pneumococcal serotype antibody > or = 1.3 æg/mL. After immunization, all DS children had an increase in post-immunization levels against all serotypes analyzed. A 4-fold or more increase was observed in all DS children concerning serotypes 1 and 14, in 90 percent of subjects for serotypes 3 and 9V, and in 65 percent for serotype 6B. Regarding this increase, 8 of the 17 DS children had an adequate response to all serotypes analyzed, 8/17 patients to 4 serotypes and 1/17 to 3 serotypes. However, when we compared post-immunization levels between DS children and controls, we observed lower levels in the former group (P < 0.05) for all serotypes except serotype 3. We conclude that pneumococcal polysaccharide immunization could be beneficial for these DS children.

Predicting the donor liver lobe weight from body weiht for split-liver transplantation

It is possible to obtain two good-quality hepatic transplants from a single cadaveric liver by separation of the right and left lobes of the liver. We attempted to define a relationship based only on donor body weight for predicting donor total liver weight as well as donor right (segments V-VIII) and left (segments II-IV) hepatic lobe weight. Segment I (caudate lobe) is resected and thus lost in this procedure. The study was performed on 60 human cadaveric livers. We correlated cadaveric body weight (mean + or - SD), 72.43 + or - 9.54 kg, with total liver weigh, 1.54 + or - 0.36 kg, and right and left lobe weight, 0.88 + or - 0.23 kg and 0.65 + or - 0.17 kg, respectively, with total liver weight. A formula was obtained by linear regression which provided the following relationships: total liver weight (g) = [245.57 + 17.92 x (body weight, kg)]; right lobe weight (g) = [67.58 + 0.52 x(total liver weight, g)]. The selection of the recipient on the liver transplant waiting list can be made on the basis of these relationships

Estudo ultrassonográfico transvaginal do primeiro trimestre da gestaçäo / Transvaginal ultrasonography of the first pregnancy trimester

Cento e dezessete exames ultra-sonográficos pélvicos por via vaginal foram realizados em 82 pacientes com gestaçöes normais, com idade menstrual entre 5 e 12 semanas. Estes exames propiciaram a visualizaçäo do saco gestacional contendo o saco vitelíneo na 5ª semana de idade menstrual, o embriäo com batimento cardíaco na 6ª semana, a membrana âmnica na 7ª semana, e a diferenciaçäo do pólo cefálico e início da formaçäo dos membros superiores e inferiores na 8ª semana. A expansäo da cavidade amniótica dentro da saco gestacional e a regressäo do saco vitelínico também foram reconhecidas. Este estudo evidencia que a via transvaginal permite observar detalhadamente o desenvolvimento embrionário no primeiro trimestre da gravidez, antecipando-se aos achados da via trans-abdominal, sendo por isto método de eleiçäo para a avaliaçäo ultra-sonográfica nesta época