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ABSTRACT: The compost from the waste of pharmaceutical industries, such as guava leaves (GL) and neem seeds (NS) is used in organic agriculture. Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB. is a widely recognized herbal medicine that grows natively in Indonesia. Curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol are the primary bioactive components of C. zanthorrhiza. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of GL and NS compost on the growth and bioactive yields of C. zanthorrhiza. Treatments consisted of cow manure, GL compost, NS compost, GL+NS compost, or a no compost control, at 2 and 4 kg per plant. Results demonstrated that the NS and GL+NS compost applied with 4 kg per plant had increased fresh rhizome yield compared with the other treatments. Composted NS at 2 kg per plant increased the plant height and pseudo stem diameter traits compared with the control treatment. The compost application of GL+NS at 2 and 4 kg per plant significantly increased the leaf length and number of shoots. All treatments showed unchanged the leaf width and number of leaves. The compost application of GL and NS (2 kg per plant) showed higher production of curcuminoidsthan the control. The compost consisting of GL (2 kg per plant), NS (4 kg per plant), and GL+NS also increased the production of xanthorrhizol compared with the control treatment. Results illustrated the practical application of GL and NS composts from industrial pharmaceutical extraction waste for the organic farming cultivation of C. zanthorrhiza.
RESUMO: O composto dos resíduos das indústrias farmacêuticas, como folhas de goiaba (GL) e sementes de nim (NS), é usado na agricultura orgânica. Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB. é um medicamento fitoterápico amplamente reconhecido que cresce de forma nativa na Indonésia. Os curcuminóides e o xanthorrizol são os principais componentes bioativos de C. zanthorrhiza. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o impacto do composto GL e NS no crescimento e produtividade bioativa de C. zanthorrhiza. Os tratamentos consistiram em esterco de vaca, composto GL, composto NS, composto GL + NS ou controle sem composto, em 2 e 4 kg por planta. Os resultados demonstraram que o composto NS e GL + NS aplicado com 4 kg por planta aumentou a produção de rizoma fresco, em comparação com os outros tratamentos. A NS compostada a 2 kg por planta aumentou as características de altura da planta e diâmetro do pseudoestêmico em comparação com o tratamento controle. A aplicação de composto de GL + NS em 2 e 4 kg por planta aumentou significativamente o comprimento das folhas e o número de brotações. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram alteração na largura e número de folhas. A aplicação de composto de GL e NS (2 kg por planta) apresentou maior produção de curcuminóide do que o controle. Os compostos constituídos por GL (2 kg por planta), NS (4 kg por planta) e GL + NS também aumentaram a produção de xanthorrizol em comparação com o tratamento controle. Os resultados ilustraram a aplicação prática de compostos GL e NS de resíduos de extração farmacêutica industrial para o cultivo orgânico de C. zanthorrhiza.
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To fractionate and identify polyphenols from Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. leaves, and to explore their antioxidant, 5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitory, and Nrf2 modulatory activities. Methods: The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of a polyphenolic fraction of the extract of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. leaves. THP-1 gene reporter cell lines constructed with a transcriptional response element specific for Nrf2 and a minimal promoter for the firefly luciferase–green fluorescent protein transgene were used to determine the effect of the polyphenolic fraction on the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, an assay of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity was performed by using a commercial enzyme kit. Polyphenolic compounds were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The polyphenolic fraction showed fairly strong antioxidant activity [IC50 = (14.90 ± 4.70) μg/mL] and inhibited HMG-CoA reductase activity by 69.10％, which was slightly lower than that by pravastatin (84.37％) and quercetin (84.25％). Additionally, the polyphenolic fraction activated the Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway at 500 μg/mL. Eleven subfractions resulting from the column chromatography separation of the polyphenolic fraction also showed relatively strong antioxidant activities (IC50: 17.46–217.14 μg/mL). The subfraction (F6) stimulated the Nrf2 signaling pathway and had HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity (65.43％). Moreover, the subfraction contained two main flavonoids: quercetin and quercimeritrin. Conclusions: The polyphenolic fraction of Guazuma ulmifolia could induce antioxidant genes via the Nrf2/antioxidant regulatory elements pathway, and is a promising candidate for an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase.
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ABSTRACT Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb., Zingiberaceae, a species from Indonesia with xanthorrhizol as the major metabolite, has been used as a folk medicine in several of pharmacological activities. This work aimed to evaluate the xanthorrhizol contents, α-glucosidase inhibition, and cytotoxic activities in ethyl acetate fraction from accessions of C. zanthorrhiza. High-performance liquid chromatography investigated xanthorrhizol content with the standard. Pharmacological activities were evaluated by inhibition of α-glucosidase, the brine shrimp lethality test, and anticancer activity. The ethyl acetate fraction yield varied from 8.24% (Karanganyar) to 13.13% (Sukabumi). The xanthorrhizol contents were found to be in the range 43.55% to 47.99% with Ngawi and Wonogiri promising accessions having the lowest and highest value, respectively. IC50 value for α-glucosidase inhibition ranged from 339.05 µg/ml (Karanganyar) to 455.01 µg/ml (Ngawi). LC50 value for cytotoxic activities ranged from 33.25 µg/ml (Ngawi) to 42.28 µg/ml (Karanganyar) in brine shrimp lethality test, 3.10 µg/ml (Karanganyar) to 9.85 µg/ml (cursina-III) in Vero cell, and 1.17 µg/ml (Ngawi) to 6.83 µg/ml (Sukabumi) in MCF-7 cell. In this study, C. zanthorrhiza accessions have a high in xanthorrhizol contents and cytotoxic activities that showed a high potential of studied accessions for breeding programs on a commercial scale.