The Pattern of Cervical Cytology in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinics in Nnewi; South-Eastern Nigeria

Background: Cervical cytology screening has decreased the incidence of and mortality from invasive cervical cancer in developed and even some developing countries. The story is still different in Nigeria because there is no national screening programme in place.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of cervical cytology and relate it to some known risk factors such as age; parity; age at coitarche; number of sexual partners and clinical presentation.Subjects and Methods: A total of 100 women were seen at two Obstetrics and Gynaecology clinics in Nnewi over a three month period (May-July 2005) were screened. Conventional method of staining was used. The first fifty sexually active women that consented to completing the study questionnaire in the two clinics were included.Main Outcome Measures: The work noted the pattern of reports in relation to some known risk factors and adequacy of the sampling.Results: Sampling adequacy was 93; epithelial cell abnormality was reported in only one smear; 58 were reported as normal; 14 showed benign cellular changes (i.e. infective); and 18 reactive changes (i.e. atrophy). Conclusion: Now that infective aetiology has been established in cancer of the cervix; the co-factors may be some of these causes of benign cellular changes of the cervix

Urinary tract pathology in Schistosoma haematobium infected rural Nigerians.

Parasitological investigation assessing the ova of Schistosoma haematobium in the urine of 138 volunteers in Ihieve-Ogben, Edo State, Nigeria revealed 43 positive results (31.2%). Children had a higher prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis 30 (41.1%) than their adult counterparts 13 (20.0%) and this difference was statistically significant (t = 8.89, p > 0.01). More volunteers had light intensity of infection 27 (19.6%) than heavy infection 16 (11.6%) and this difference was statistically significant (chi2 = 22.90, p>0.05). Ultrasonographic investigations carried out on these 43 S. haematobium infected volunteers revealed ten pathological conditions, including abnormal wall thickness 24 (55.8%), abnormal shape 30 (69.8%), irregular bladder wall 12 (27.9%), masses 10 (23.3%), pseudopolyps 2 (4.7%), echogenic particles 30 (69.8%), residual volume 12 (27.9%), calcifications 24 (55.8%), hydroureter 10 (23.3%) and hydronephrosis 8 (18.6%) when compared to control subjects which lacked bladder and kidney abnormalities. These pathological conditions were slightly more common in the volunteers with heavy infection than those with light infection, but this difference was not statistically significant (t = -2.19, p < 0.02). More pathological conditions were found in children than in adults; this finding was statistically significant (t = 3.23, p > 0.03). Hydronephrosis and hydroureter were not found in the volunteers with light intensity of infection.

Resistance Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection Bacterial Isolates to Selected Quinolones

The Quinolones inhibit bacteria by interacting with DNA topoisomerases (gyrases) of which four subunits (two A and B monomers) have been identified thus; inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase. High level resistance to quinolones can be produced by serial exposure of bacteria to subinhibitory concentration. A Total of 408 suspected UTI and high vagina swab (HVS) samples were examined for bacteria and the isolates obtained tested against the newer quinolones. Prevalence of Bacterial isolates revealed Escherichia coli 10(92) as the most isolated organism from urine; while Staphylococcus aureus 31(32) was the most isolated species from HVS samples. Bacterial species such as coliforms 55(70) and Klebsiella spp 42(84); equally had high prevalence rate in urine samples. Pseudomonas aeroginosa 19(66) was next to Staphylococcus aureus in terms of prevalence of isolated strains from HVS samples. The resistance pattern observed for these isolates; showed that the strains were least resistant to Ciprofloxacin; followed by Ofloxacin and Perfloxacin; while they were most resistant to Nalidixic acid. There was however no statistical significance P0.001) between the use of Ofloxacin and Perfloxacin; however; ANOVA showed a significant difference (P0.05) between the pattern of Klebsiella spp resistance against Perfloxacin when compared to Proteus vulgaris