Análise e validação do procedimento de manipulação de cápsulas por encapsulamento manual por nivelamento / Analysis and validation of manual filling procedure for capsules

Entre as formas farmacêuticas sólidas de uso oral mais preparadas nas farmácias magistrais está a cápsula gelatinosa dura. O processo de manipulação de cápsulas apresenta alguns pontos críticos como a mistura e o fluxo dos pós, que podem interferir na obtenção de cápsulas na dose certa. Assim o objetivo foi analisar e validar o procedimento de manipulação de cápsulas por encapsulamento manual por nivelamento, considerando as características de fluxo e dose das formulações magistrais. A seleção dos produtos farmacêuticos (6) foi baseada na dose, fluxo e metodologia analítica validada por UV. A validação do processo consistiu na análise do peso médio, uniformidade de dose e teor de cinco lotes de cada produto preparados por dois manipuladores. Foi elaborado um procedimento escrito pelo método de nivelamento manual para os produtos metformina 500mg (MTF); paracetamol 250 mg (PCT); cetoconazol 200mg (CTZ); nimesulida 150 mg (NIM); riboflavina 20 mg(RIB) e glibenclamida 5 mg (GLB). O procedimento de manipulação foi validado para os produtos MTF, PCT,CTZ, NIM e RIB, exceto para o produto GLB, devido a reprovação de quatro lotes no teste de uniformidade de conteúdo. Os resultados nos levam a concluir que fármacos de dose acima de 20 mg (fluxo bom ou ruim) são menos susceptíveis à reprovação. O mesmo não acontece para fármacos de doses ≤ 5 mg, demonstrando que quanto menor a dose, maior a dificuldade de obter um produto na dose correta. Também foi possível verificar que o manipulador interfere na obtenção do produto de qualidade...

Among the solid dosage forms for oral use prepared regularly in compounding pharmacies is the hard gelatin capsule. The process of com pounding capsuleshas some critical features, such as the mixing and flow of powders, which can interfere with the production of capsules containing the right dose. Thus, the aim here was to analyze and validate the procedure for encapsulation of the dose by manual spreading of the formulated powder in relation to the flow characteristics and dose of the compounding formulas. The selection of the 6 pharmaceutical products was based on dose, flow and existence of a validated method of analysis by UV spectroscopy. The validation process consisted of the analysis of average weight, uniformity of dose and content of five batches of each product prepared by two handlers. A written operating procedure was prepared for the method of manual encapsulation by spreading, for capsules of 500 mg metformine (MTF), 250 mg paracetamol (PCT), 200 mg ketoconazole (CTZ), 150mg nimesulide (NIM), 20 mg riboflavin (RIB) and 5mg glibenclamide (GLB). The procedure was validated for compounding the products MTF, PCT, CTZ, NIM and RIB, but not for the product GLB, as 4 lots were rejected in the test for uniformity of content. The results lead us to conclude that, for drug doses above 20 mg (with good or bad flow), this filling procedure is less susceptible to failure. The same is not true for drugs with doses ≤ 5 mg, showing that the smaller the dose, the harder it is to produce a capsule in the correct dose. It was also observed that the handler interferes with the quality of the capsules compounded, according to official pharmaceutical criteria...

Placa ateromatosa calcificada en radiografía panorámica: aspectos radiográficos y diagnósticos diferenciales / Calcified atheromatous plaque in panoramic radiography: radiographic aspects and differential diagnosis

Las placas de ateroma son conformadas por depósitos de lípidos en las camadas más profundas de las arterias y que siendo estructuras calcificadas pueden ser vistas en radiografías panorámicas. Su aspecto radiográfico debe ser diferenciado de las imágenes que pertenecen a diversas estructuras anatómicas y patológicas radiopacas, puesto que en dicho examen es posible observar asimismo otros hallazgos radiográficos en región cervical. Calcificaciones más a menudo descriptas en la literatura y que consisten en diagnóstico diferencial para las placas ateromatosas son el hueso hioides, cartílago tritícea, el cuerno superior de calcificación del cartílago tiroides calcificada, la epiglotis, los ganglios linfáticos calcificados, los flebolitos, los submaxilares de glándulas salivales y los tonsiolitos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión de la literatura relativa a las placas ateromatosas y su diferencial diagnóstico con el fin de orientar mejor al dentista en la interpretación de estas imágenes. De esta manera, permite el reenvío de la paciente a un tratamiento preventivo, contribuyendo al desarrollo de la salud pública...

The atheromatous plaques consist of deposits of fat in the inner layers of the arteries and as they are calcified, can be detected on panoramic radiographs. Its radiographic appearance should be differentiated from others anatomical and pathological radiopaque structures, since this examination can also detect other radiographic findings in the neck. The calcifications most frequently described in the literature between anatomical and pathological conditions, and which constitute the differential diagnosis for atheromatous plaques are the hyoid bone, cartilage triticeous, the superior horn of the calcified thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, calcified lymph nodes, the phleboliths, submandibular salivary gland sialoliths and tonsilloliths. This study aims to conduct a review of literature related to atheromatous plaques and their differential diagnoses in order to provide better guidance to the dentist in the interpretation of those images. Thus, the patient can properly receive an early treatment, contributing to the development of public health...

Identification of Albizia lebbeck seed coat chitin-binding vicilins (7S globulins) with high toxicity to the larvae of the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus

Seed coat is a specialized maternal tissue that interfaces the embryo and the external environment during embryogenesis, dormancy and germination. In addition, it is the first defensive barrier against penetration by pathogens and herbivores. Here we show that Albizia lebbeck seed coat dramatically compromises the oviposition, eclosion and development of the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus. Dietary supplementation of bruchid larvae with A. lebbeck seed coat flour causes severe weight loss and reduces survival. By means of protein purification, mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses, we show that chitin-binding vicilins are the main source of A. lebbeck tegumental toxicity to C. maculatus. At concentrations as low as 0.1 percent, A. lebbeck vicilins reduce larval mass from 8.1 ± 1.7 (mass of control larvae) to 1.8 ± 0.5 mg, which corresponds to a decrease of 78 percent. Seed coat toxicity constitutes an efficient defense mechanism, hindering insect predation and preventing embryo damage. We hypothesize that A. lebbeck vicilins are good candidates for the genetic transformation of crop legumes to enhance resistance to bruchid predation.

Isolation and intracellular localization of insulin-like proteins from leaves of Bauhinia variegata

Evidence based on immunological cross-reactivity and anti-diabetic properties has suggested the presence of insulin-like peptides in plants. The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence of insulin-like proteins in the leaves of Bauhinia variegata ("pata-de-vaca", "mororó"), a plant widely utilized in popular medicine as an anti-diabetic agent. We show that an insulin-like protein was present in the leaves of this plant. A chloroplast protein with a molecular mass similar to that of bovine insulin was extracted from 2-mm thick 15 percent SDS-PAGE gels and fractionated with a 2 x 24 cm Sephadex G-50 column. The activity of this insulin-like protein (0.48 mg/mL) on serum glucose levels of four-week-old Swiss albino (CF1) diabetic mice was similar to that of commercial swine insulin used as control. Further characterization of this molecule by reverse-phase hydrophobic HPLC chromatographic analysis as well as its antidiabetic activity on alloxan-induced mice showed that it has insulin-like properties. Immunolocalization of the insulin-like protein in the leaves of B. variegata was performed by transmission electron microscopy using a polyclonal anti-insulin human antibody. Localization in the leaf blades revealed that the insulin-like protein is present mainly in chloroplasts where it is also found associated with crystals which may be calcium oxalate. The presence of an insulin-like protein in chloroplasts may indicate its involvement in carbohydrate metabolism. This finding has strengthened our previous results and suggests that insulin-signaling pathways have been conserved through evolution.

A protein with amino acid sequence homology to bovine insulin is present in the legume Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)

Since the discovery of bovine insulin in plants, much effort has been devoted to the characterization of these proteins and elucidation of their functions. We report here the isolation of a protein with similar molecular mass and same amino acid sequence to bovine insulin from developing fruits of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotype Epace 10. Insulin was measured by ELISA using an anti-human insulin antibody and was detected both in empty pods and seed coats but not in the embryo. The highest concentrations (about 0.5 ng/æg of protein) of the protein were detected in seed coats at 16 and 18 days after pollination, and the values were 1.6 to 4.0 times higher than those found for isolated pods tested on any day. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of insulin was performed on the protein purified by C4-HPLC. The significance of the presence of insulin in these plant tissues is not fully understood but we speculate that it may be involved in the transport of carbohydrate to the fruit

The leaves of green plants as well as a cyanobacterium, a red alga, and fungi contain insulin-like antigens

We report the detection of insulin-like antigens in a large range of species utilizing a modified ELISA plate assay and Western blotting. We tested the leaves or aerial parts of species of Rhodophyta (red alga), Bryophyta (mosses), Psilophyta (whisk ferns), Lycopodophyta (club mosses), Sphenopsida (horsetails), gymnosperms, and angiosperms, including monocots and dicots. We also studied species of fungi and a cyanobacterium, Spirulina maxima. The wide distribution of insulin-like antigens, which in some cases present the same electrophoretic mobility as bovine insulin, together with results recently published by us on the amino acid sequence of an insulin isolated from the seed coat of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and from the developing fruits of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), suggests that pathways depending on this hormone have been conserved through evolution

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) seed coat phaseolin is detrimental to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus)

The presence of phaseolin (a vicilin-like 7S storage globulin) peptides in the seed coat of the legume Phaseolus lunatus L. (lima bean) was demonstrated by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Utilizing an artificial seed system assay we showed that phaseolin, isolated from both cotyledon and testa tissues of P. lunatus, is detrimental to the nonhost bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F) (cowpea weevil) with ED50 of 1.7 and 3.5 percent, respectively. The level of phaseolin in the seed coat (16.7 percent) was found to be sufficient to deter larval development of this bruchid. The expression of a C. maculatus-detrimental protein in the testa of nonhost seeds suggests that the protein may have played a significant role in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to legume seeds

The influence of humidity on the residual action of benzene hexachloride

Em câmaras de umidade controlada foi observada diferença na velocidade de absorçäo do BHC relacionada ao substrato borrifado. Embora näo seja mais utilizado o BHC pelo Controle da Doença de Chagas no Brasil, estes dados podem ser relevantes para outros inseticidas usados em programas de controle

The influence of building materials on the residual action of BHC

A atividade residual dos vapores do inseticida BHC de vários materiais de construçäo em câmaras com controle de umidade, no laboratório, foram significativamente diferentes entre si. Ninfas do primeiro estágio de Dipetalogaster maximus, criados em laboratório, foram expostas a vapores de BHC liberados da superfície tratada dos materiais de construçäo trazidos de Mambaí, Goiás