Efeitos de diferentes tempos de extração no teor e composição química do óleo essencial de folhas de pariparoba [Pothomorphe umbellata (L. ) Miq. ] / Effects of time of extraction in the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of pariparoba leaves [Pothomorphe umbellata (L. Miq. ]

O presente trabalho visou avaliar a influência de diferentes tempos de extração no teor e composição química do óleo essencial da espécie Pothomorphe umbellata. Folhas de pariparoba foram coletadas em Cajamar - SP, no mês de junho de 2006. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis tempos de extração (90, 120, 150, 180, 210 e 240 minutos) e 4 repetições. A extração do óleo essencial foi realizada por hidrodestilação e a análise química em CG-EM. O tempo de 180 minutos proporcionou maior rendimento do óleo essencial (0,42%), enquanto a composição química não foi influenciada pelos diferentes tempos de destilação. As principais substâncias identificadas foram: D-germacreno (65,5%), alfa-selineno (9,7%), trans-cariofileno (7,5%), e espatulenol (6,58%). Conclui-se que o tempo de extração afeta diretamente o rendimento e a proporção das substâncias químicas, recomendando-se a extração em até 180 minutos. .

The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of different times of extraction in the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of "pariparoba" (Pothomorphe umbellate). Leaves of "pariparoba" were collected in the municipal district of Cajamar - state of São Paulo, Brazil, in June 2006. The adopted experimental design was completely randomized, with six times of extraction (90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 minutes) and 4 repetitions. The extraction of the essential oil was accomplished by hydrodistillation, and the chemical analysis was performed in GC-MS. The time of extraction of 180 minutes provided greater yield of the essential oil (0.42%), and its chemical composition was not influenced by the different times of hydrodistillation. The main substances showed are D-germacrene (65.5%), alpha-selinene (9.7%), trans-caryophyllene (7.5%) and spathulenol (6.58%). The results of this work showed that the time of extraction affects the yield and the proportion of the chemical substances and it is recommended the extraction in up to 180 minutes.

Ações de vigilância para influenza aviária desenvolvida no Brasil, no período de 2004 e 2007 / Avian influenza surveillance activities, developed in Brazil from 2004 to 2007

No início dos anos 2000, o Brasil se consolidou como maior exportador mundial de carne de frango, mesmo período em que se observou a emergência global de focos de HPAI. Para assegurar a qualidade sanitária do produto avícola nacional, o Mapa organizou um programa oficial de vigilância para o vírus de IA. Na primeira fase, foram coletados 106.226 soros e 7.017 pools de suabes traqueais e cloacais, provenientes de granjas avícolas de produção comercial intensiva de frangos de corte, no período entre janeiro de 2004 e março de 2005. Não se obteve isolamento viral para IA, porém foi identificado um conglomerado epidemiológico de 24 municípios, delineado pela interpolação de dados relacionados às localizações geográficas, e os resultados sorológicos das amostras dessas origens, ELISA reagente para IA, no estado de Rondônia. Na segunda fase da vigilância, três distintas ações para pesquisa do vírus de IA foram executadas entre 2006 e 2007, em: 1) aves comerciais de corte de criação intensiva; 2) aves de reprodução; e 3) aves migratórias e de subsistência. Não houve identificação de resposta sorológica ou isolamento de vírus de IA em aves dos grupos 1 e 2. Foram isolados vírus de IA do subtipo H3 em aves migratórias, capturadas nos estados de Pará e Pernambuco. Também foram identificados vírus de IA dos subtipos H2, H3 e H4 em aves de subsistência, de propriedades localizadas no Amazonas, Pará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Observou-se risco sanitário para LPAI associado às populações de aves silvestres e de subsistência localizadas em áreas próximas ao sistema comercial. Estudos adicionais serão necessários para se avaliar o risco associado à introdução de IA no sistema comercial avícola brasileiro.

In the early 2000s Brazil had established itself as the world's largest exporter of poultry meat, the same period in which the emergence of HPAI global outbreaks was observed. To ensure the national health quality of Brazilian poultry product, MAPA organized an official AI surveillance program. In the first stage, during the period between January 2004 and March 2005, 106.226 sera were collected and 7.017 tracheal and cloacae pools of swabs were obtained from intensive commercial broiler farms. No AI virus isolation was obtained, however, an epidemiological cluster was identified in the state of Rondonia, outlined by the interpolation of data related to municipalities' geographic location and serological response to AI in ELISA tests. Between 2006 and 2007, during the second stage, three AI surveillance actions were executed in: 1) intensive commercial broiler farms, 2) breeding farms and 3) migratory and backyard birds. There was neither serological response identification nor IA virus isolation in birds belonging to groups 1 and 2. H3 LPAI subtype viruses were isolated from migratory birds captured in the states of Pará and Pernambuco. H2, H3 and H4 LPAI subtypes were also identified in backyard birds from samples collected in the states of Amazonas, Pará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. There are health risks to LPAI associated to wild and backyard bird populations located in areas close to commercial farms. Additional studies are needed for risk assessment regarding the possibility of AI introduction in the Brazilian commercial poultry system.

Comportamento germinativo de sementes de diferentes cores de pariparoba [Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.] / Germinative behavior of Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. seeds of different colors

A Pothomorphe umbellata (Piperaceae), é uma espécie medicinal nativa do Brasil, utilizada na indústria de cosméticos e protetores de pele contra raios UVA e UVB. Com o intuito de gerar informações aplicadas à propagação da espécie, o presente trabalho relacionou a coloração e a massa de sementes de P. umbellata a seu comportamento germinativo. A coloração e a massa de sementes de P. umbellata foram características adequadas para avaliar a homogeneidade fisiológica, o vigor, o potencial e o comportamento germinativo. Assim, conclui-se que, embora de germinação lenta, as sementes de coloração preta e mais densa devem ser as escolhidas quando de coleta ou de processo seletivo.

Pothomorphe umbellata (Piperaceae) is a medicinal species native to Brazil, which has been used in the cosmetic industry and in products that protect the skin against UVA and UVB rays. To generate information applied to the species propagation, the present work related the coloration and the mass of P. umbellata seeds to their germinative behavior. The coloration and the mass of seeds of P. umbellata were characteristic appropriate to evaluate physiologic homogeneity, vigor, potential and germinative behavior. Thus, although of slow germination, seeds of black and denser coloration should be chosen during collection or selective process.

Human umbilical cord blood cells in infarcted rats

Therapy with bone marrow-derived cells has been used in ischemic patients with reported success. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of fresh and frozen human umbilical cord blood cells (hUCB) in Wistar rats submitted to permanent occlusion of the left coronary artery. Three hours after myocardial infarction, 2 x 10(7) hUCB cells or vehicle were administered by intramyocardial injection. The animals were divided into five groups: control (N = 10), sham operated (N = 10), infarcted that received vehicle (N = 9), infarcted treated with cryopreserved hUCB (N = 7), and infarcted treated with fresh hUCB (N = 5). Cardiac function was evaluated by electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram (ECHO) before cell therapy, and by ECG, ECHO, cardiopulmonary test, and left ventricular pressure measurements 3 weeks later. After 3 weeks, both groups treated with hUCB still had Q wave present in L1, âQRS >90° and reduced shortening fraction (less than 50 percent). In addition, cardiac indexes of left ventricular contractility and relaxation were 5484 ± 875 and -4032 ± 643 mmHg (cryopreserved hUCB) and 4585 ± 955 and -2862 ± 590 mmHg (fresh hUCB), respectively. These values were not statistically different from those of saline-treated animals. Cardiopulmonary exercise test profile was typical of infarcted hearts; exercise time was about 14 min and maximal VO2 was 24.77 ± 5.00 mL·kg-1·min-1. These data show that hUCB therapy did not improve the cardiac function of infarcted animals or prevent cardiac remodeling.

Acute effect of amiodarone on cardiovascular reflexes of normotensive and renal hypertensive rats

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of amiodarone on mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), baroreflex, Bezold-Jarisch, and peripheral chemoreflex in normotensive and chronic one-kidney, one-clip (1K1C) hypertensive rats (N = 9 to 11 rats in each group). Amiodarone (50 mg/kg, iv) elicited hypotension and bradycardia in normotensive (-10 ± 1 mmHg, -57 ± 6 bpm) and hypertensive rats (-37 ± 7 mmHg, -39 ± 19 bpm). The baroreflex index (deltaHR/deltaMAP) was significantly attenuated by amiodarone in both normotensive (-0.61 ± 0.12 vs -1.47 ± 0.14 bpm/mmHg for reflex bradycardia and -1.15 ± 0.19 vs -2.63 ± 0.26 bpm/mmHg for reflex tachycardia) and hypertensive rats (-0.26 ± 0.05 vs -0.72 ± 0.16 bpm/mmHg for reflex bradycardia and -0.92 ± 0.19 vs -1.51 ± 0.19 bpm/mmHg for reflex tachycardia). The slope of linear regression from deltapulse interval/deltaMAP was attenuated for both reflex bradycardia and tachycardia in normotensive rats (-0.47 ± 0.13 vs -0.94 ± 0.19 ms/mmHg and -0.80 ± 0.13 vs -1.11 ± 0.13 ms/mmHg), but only for reflex bradycardia in hypertensive rats (-0.15 ± 0.02 vs -0.23 ± 0.3 ms/mmHg). In addition, the MAP and HR responses to the Bezold-Jarisch reflex were 20-30 percent smaller in amiodarone-treated normotensive or hypertensive rats. The bradycardic response to peripheral chemoreflex activation with intravenous potassium cyanide was also attenuated by amiodarone in both normotensive (-30 ± 6 vs -49 ± 8 bpm) and hypertensive rats (-34 ± 13 vs -42 ± 10 bpm). On the basis of the well-known electrophysiological effects of amiodarone, the sinus node might be the responsible for the attenuation of the cardiovascular reflexes found in the present study.

Teste de DNA para verificaçäo de parentesco em cäes: avaliaçäo do método näo automatizado com o auxílio do primer CMR S / DNA test for parentage verification in dogs: evaluation of the non-automatized method with assistance of the primer CMR S

To evaluate the precision of the DNA tests using the non-automatized technique for individual identification and parentage tests, 105 Rottweiler dogs were studied using the primer CMR S. The sample was composed of 39 animals belonging to 11 complete families and their progenies, and 66 non related individuals until the second generation, derived from kennels located in the states of Minas Gerais and Säo Paulo. The CMR S primer was used for the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The results showed the inefficiency of the technique, even when analyzed through the automated gel analysis system. Also showed the impossibility of its commercial use due to the fact of does not permit the storage of data for subsequent use

Microssatélites BM2113, ILSTS005, ILSTS008, ETH131 e RM88 em testes de verificaçäo de parentesco para bovinos da raça Gir / Microsatellites BM2113, ILSTS005, ILSTS008, ETH131 and RM88 for parentage tests in bovines of Gir breed

Foram utilizados 46 animais da raça Gir, registrados na Associaçäo Brasileira de Criadores de Zebu, provenientes de cinco fazendas situadas no Estado de Minas Gerais, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos microssatélites BM2113, ILSTS005, ILSTS008, ETH131 e RM88 em testes de verificaçäo de parentesco. Os locos BM2113, ILSTS005, ETH131 e RM88 mostraram-se eficientes, apresentando valores de PE2 (probabilidade de exclusäo quando os dois progenitores säo genotipados) entre 0,62 e 0,69 e PIC2 (conteúdo de informaçäo polimórfica quando os dois progenitores säo genotipados) entre 0,78 e 0,83. O mesmo näo ocorreu para o loco ILSTS008, o qual apresentou baixos valores de PE2 (0,24) e PIC2 (0,41)

Alterações eletrocardiográficas em ofidismo / Electrocardiographic changes in ophidism

Experimentalmente, polipepticos existentes em veneno de cobras exiben cardiotoxicidade. Clinicamente, esta possibilidade tem sido pouco explorada porque multiplos fatores podem ser influentes, destacando-se: cardiopatia previa, uremia, disturbios hidreletroliticos, drogas, coagulopatia de consumo, entre outros.Para avaliar comprometimento cardiaco em ofidismo, revisamos a documentacao de 52 pacientes adimitidos no Hospital de Clinicas da Universidade Federal do Parana, entre 1963 e 1982, dos quais foram selecionados 23, sendo excluidos os demais por nao terem documentacao clinica e laboratorial adequada, ou apresentarem potassio plasmatico de 5,5 mEq/l.Vinte e um eram do sexo masculino e as idades variaram entre 11 e 72 anos (media 30 +/- 3,3 anos). O acidente ofidico relacionou-se com o genero Bothrops em 14 Crotalus, em 8 e nao foi reconhecido em 1 caso. Insuficiencia renal aguda foi o diagnostico final em 17 casos. Em 10 pacientes a avaliacao eletrocardiografica foi normal e no restante as seguintes anormalidades de carater evolutivo foram encontradas alteracao da repolarizacao ventricular (alteracao difusa da repolarizacao ventricular em 2 casos, isquemia subepicardia em 5 casos); alteracao da despolarizacao (efeito dieletrico em 2 casos); alteracao da conducao (bloqueio de ramo direito e perturbacao de conducao no ramo direito em 2 casos). Conclui-se que as alteracoes eletrocardiograficas sugestivas de comprometimento miocardico em acidente ofidico podem ser clinicamente relevantes, reversiveis e provavelmente de origem multifatorial