RESUMO
Background: Adverse effects of medications are an important cause of morbidity and hospital admissions. Errors in prescription or preparation of medications by pharmacy personnel are a factor that may influence these occurrence of the adverse effects Aim: To assess the frequency and type of errors in prescriptions and in their preparation at the pharmacy unit of a regional public hospital. Material and Methods: Prescriptions received by ambulatory patients and those being discharged from the hospital, were reviewed using a 12-item checklist. The preparation of such prescriptions at the pharmacy unit was also reviewed using a seven item checklist. Results: Seventy two percent of prescriptions had at least one error. The most common mistake was the impossibility of determining the concentration of the prescribed drug. Prescriptions for patients being discharged from the hospital had the higher number of errors. When a prescription had more than two drugs, the risk of error increased 2.4 times. Twenty four percent of prescription preparations had at least one error. The most common mistake was the labeling of drugs with incomplete medical indications. When a preparation included more than three drugs, the risk of preparation error increased 1.8 times. Conclusions: Prescription and preparation of medication delivered to patients had frequent errors. The most important risk factor for errors was the number of drugs prescribed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Composição de Medicamentos , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/efeitos adversos , Prescrição Inadequada/efeitos adversos , Prescrição Inadequada/estatística & dados numéricos , Erros de Medicação/efeitos adversos , Erros de Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Prescrições de Medicamentos/classificação , Estudos Transversais , Setor Público , Prescrição Inadequada/classificação , Hospitais , Erros de Medicação/classificaçãoRESUMO
Background: Adverse effects of medications are an important source of morbidity. Prescription and dispensing errors are an important cause of these adverse effects. Aim: To adapt and validate two checklists, one to measure errors in handwritten prescriptions and other to detected errors in the medication dispensing process of hospital pharmacies for outpatient care. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in three stages. First, checklists for medication errors developed elsewhere were adapted. Afterwards, the checklists were reviewed by experts. Finally, the inter and intra-observer reliability of each checklist was assessed, testing them in 32 occasions by two independent observers. Results: The checklists for medication prescription and dispensing were composed by 12 and seven items, respectively. They were corrected according to experts’ opinions. The intraclass correlations of the results of each tester were 0.68 and 0.82 for the prescription and dispensing error checklists, respectively. Conclusions: The developed checklists for the detection of errors in prescription and dispensing of medications are reliable en can be applied in future studies.
Assuntos
Humanos , Lista de Checagem , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Erros de Medicação/prevenção & controle , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/organização & administração , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Prescrição Inadequada/prevenção & controle , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
ANTECEDENTES: La valoración nutricional de la madre y el recién nacido es un criterio ampliamente usado con fines pronósticos y de manejo clínico. En el ámbito obstétrico materno y neonatal se utiliza índice de masa corporal e índice ponderal neonatal respectivamente. OBJETIVO: Construir tablas bidimensionales que en la clínica práctica faciliten la obtención de estos índices. MÉTODO: Los índices antropométricos que relacionan el peso y la talla, fueron calculados mediante sus fórmulas respectivas: peso dividido por talla al cuadrado o al cubo según se trate de índice de masa corporal o índice ponderal neonatal. Para la categorización posterior del estado nutricional tanto materno como neonatal, los índices obtenidos han de ser valorados con gráficas en función de la edad gestacional. Recomendamos para ello los estándares de referencia nacional. RESULTADOS: Se conformaron dos tablas bidimensionales para el cálculo de índices, las cuales fueron acotadas de acuerdo a valores antropométricos promedios de nuestra población. CONCLUSIÓN: Estas tablas facilitarán al clínico la obtención de índices antropométricos y el diagnóstico de la condición nutricional de la embarazada y recién nacido.
BACKGROUND: Nutritional assessment is a widely used criterion for prognostic purposes and clinical management. In obstetrics, maternal and neonatal body mass Índex and neonatal ponderal Índex, respectively, are used. OBJECTIVE: To construct bidimensional tables to facilítate indexes obtaining process in clinical practice, moreover, graphs also are recommend for nutritional categorize using this indexes. METHODS: The anthro-pometric indexes that associate weight with height were calculated by their respectively formulas: weight divided by height squared or cubed, depending if body mass index or neonatal ponderal index is needed. For the subsequently categorization of both maternal and neonatal nutritional status, these indexes have to be judged in terms of gestational age graphics. For this process, we recommend national standard references. RESULTS: Two bidimensional tables were built to calcúlate the indexes and were delimited according to anthropometric averages of our population. CONCLUSION: These tables will facilítate the obtaining of indexes by the clinicians and, at the same time, the nutritional status diagnosis of pregnant women and their newborn.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Avaliação Nutricional , Antropometria/métodos , Padrões de Referência , Peso-Estatura , Peso ao Nascer , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estado Nutricional , Idade GestacionalRESUMO
Background: Studies done in Santiago, Chile show that menses return before the sixth month of puerperium in 50 percent of lactating women, even in those that continue with exclusive breast feeding. Aim: To study the length of lactational amenorrhea in a group of women living in Southern Chile. Material and methods: One hundred fourteen women giving exclusive breast feeding, were followed from the third postpartum month, to determine the length of lactational amenorrhea. Its relationship with general characteristics of the mothers and children and breast feeding pattern was also studied. Results: Sixty six women (58 percent) recovered their menses before the 6th postpartum month and their length of lactational amenorrhea was 101 ñ 5 days. In the rest of the sample, the length was 277 ñ 10 days. No differences in characteristics of the mothers and children or breast feeding pattern, were observed between these two groups. Conclusions: A short lactational amenorrhea is common in the Chilean population. Clinical characteristics or pattern of breast feeding do not explain the length of LA in this population
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Aleitamento Materno , Período Pós-Parto , Amenorreia , AnticoncepçãoRESUMO
En Temuco, Chile, se estudiaron 114 mujeres en lactancia exclusiva de acuerdo a la duración con la amenorrea de lactancia y su relación con los niveles de estradiol plásmático al tercer mes postparto. Sesenta y seis madres (58 por ciento ) recuperaron la menstruación antes del sexto mes postparto. La duración de la amenorrea de lactancia fue de 100,7+ - 5,28 y 277,9 + - 10,5 días para aquellas con menstruación y amenorrea respectivamente. Los niveles de estradiol fueron 99 pmol/l mayores en las mujeres con corta duración de amenorrea de lactancia (p=0,0001). Este estudio confirma la corta duración de amenorrea de lactancia descrita en población chilena. La diferencia en los niveles de estradiol puede ser un indicador de la recuperación precoz de la fertilidad postparto
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Amenorreia/sangue , Aleitamento Materno , Estradiol/sangue , Período Pós-Parto/fisiologiaRESUMO
Se estudiaron 45 mujeres en lactancia exclusiva, para explorar la relación entre: los niveles de prolactina (PRL) basal y postsucción con la duración de la amenorrea postparto. Muestras de sangre para medición de PRL se tomaron al tercer mes postparto, antes de un episodio de succión y 30 minutos después de iniciado el episodio. El nivel de PRL basal fue de 1053 ñ 113 mlU/L (X ñ SE). Las mujeres con largos períodos de amenorrea tenían aumento de PRL basal en 632 mlU/L (x) con respecto a aquellas con menstruación antes de 180 días postparto (p ñ 0,036). Los niveles de PRL postsucción fueron mayores en mujeres con amenorreas largas (p = 0,06). No se encontró relación entre el estado menstrual al 6- mes postparto y el incremento de PRL postsucción (delta PRL). Este estudio encuentra que los niveles de PRL basal tiene relación con la duración de la amenorrea en mujeres con lactancia exclusiva