Eletrofiação aplicada a cicatrização de feridas: revisão de literatura / Electrospinning applied to wound healing: literature review / Electroalambre aplicado a la cicatrización de heridas: revisión de la literatura

feridas correspondem a interrupção da continuidade da pele, com a perda de uma ou mais camadas do tecido cutâneo. Curativos tradicionalmente aplicados em feridas cutâneas buscam principalmente fornecer uma barreira de proteção e permitir o desenvolvimento dos eventos celulares e bioquímicos que compreendem a cicatrização. Objetivou-se com este estudo apresentar sob a forma de revisão de literatura narrativa os principais eventos relacionados ao processo de reparo tecidual da pele, bem como abordar a aplicabilidade da técnica de eletrofiação no desenvolvimento de curativos funcionais biocompatíveis. Foram selecionados artigos voltados à caracterização dos eventos chave ocorridos a nível tecidual durante a cicatrização e, na sequência, buscou-se artigos voltados à produção, caracterização e aplicação de filmes nanoeletrofiados com ênfase na utilização de biopolímeros e substâncias bioativas. Observou-se que a maioria dos trabalhos recentes, voltados a pesquisa de base, descrevem a resposta vascular como o principal evento do processo cicatricial, sendo responsável pelas etapas que se desenrolam a seguir, que compreendem as fases inflamatória, proliferativa e de remodelamento, classicamente já descritas. Os curativos funcionais baseados em polímeros eletrofiados apresentam resultados superiores quanto testados in vitro e in vivo. As características morfoestruturais mimetizam a matriz extracelular e podem atuar em tecidos alvo como dispositivos de entrega de substâncias. Conclui-se que a atualização e reorganização de conceitos relativos à cicatrização podem contribuir no desenvolvimento de inovações, como os curativos produzidos por eletrofiação. Embora promissora, as desvantagens da técnica encontram-se principalmente no processo de obtenção e disponibilidade, que limitam a aplicação clínica em escala comercial.

Wounds correspond to the interruption of skin continuity, with the loss of one or more layers of skin tissue. Dressings traditionally applied to cutaneous wounds mainly seek to provide a protective barrier and allow the development of cellular and biochemical events that comprise healing. The objective of this study was to present, in the form of a narrative literature review, the main events related to the skin tissue repair process, as well as to address the applicability of the electrospinning technique in the development of biocompatible functional dressings. Articles focused on the characterization of the key events that occurred at the tissue level during healing were selected and, subsequently, articles focused on the production, characterization and application of nanoelectrospun films with emphasis on the use of biopolymers and bioactive substances were sought. It was observed that most recent works, focused on basic research, describe the vascular response as the main event of the healing process, being responsible for the steps that follow, which include the inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phases, classically already described. Functional dressings based on electrospun polymers show superior results when tested in vitro and in vivo. The morphostructural features mimic the extracellular matrix and can act in target tissues as substance delivery devices. It is concluded that the updating and reorganization of concepts related to healing can contribute to the development of innovations, such as dressings produced by electrospinning. Although promising, the technique's disadvantages lie mainly in the process of obtaining and availability, which limit clinical application on a commercial scale.

Las heridas corresponden a la interrupción de la continuidad de la piel, con la pérdida de una o más capas de tejido cutáneo. Los apósitos aplicados tradicionalmente a las heridas cutáneas buscan principalmente proporcionar una barrera protectora y permitir el desarrollo de los eventos celulares y bioquímicos que comprenden la curación. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar en forma de revisión bibliográfica narrativa los principales acontecimientos relacionados con el proceso de reparación tisular de la piel, así como abordar la aplicabilidad de la técnica de electrodeposición en el desarrollo de apósitos funcionales biocompatibles. Se seleccionaron artículos dirigidos a la caracterización de los eventos chave ocurridos a nivel técnico durante la cicatrización y, a continuación, se buscaron artículos dirigidos a la producción, caracterización y aplicación de películas nanoelectrofíricas con énfasis en el uso de biopolímeros y sustancias bioativas. Se observa que la mayoría de los trabajos recientes, realizados en la investigación de base, describen la respuesta vascular como el principal evento del proceso cicatricial, siendo responsable de las etapas que se desarrollan a continuación, que comprenden las fases inflamatoria, proliferativa y de remodelación, clásicamente descritas. Los apósitos funcionales basados en polímeros electro-tejidos presentan resultados superiores cuando se prueban in vitro e in vivo. Las características morfoestruturales mimetizan la matriz extracelular y pueden actuar en tejidos alvos como dispositivos de entrega de sustancias. Se concluye que la actualización y la reorganización de los conceptos relativos a la cicatrización pueden contribuir al desarrollo de innovaciones, como las curativas producidas por la electrofagia. Aunque es prometedora, las desventajas de la técnica radican principalmente en el proceso de obtención y la disponibilidad, que limitan la aplicación clínica a escala comercial.

Abordagem cirúrgica em bezerros com onfalite / Surgical approach in calves with omphalitis

Pathological changes in the umbilical region are common in calves. Among such alterations, omphalitis is included. This term is used to define inflammation and infection of the external structures of the umbilicus. According to the affected structures, it can be subclassified into omphalophlebitis, omphaloarteritis, omphalourachitis and panvasculitis. These inflammations are usually associated with bacterial infections. There are predisposing conditions that include inadequate handling such as poor hygiene and neglect of primary care. Omphalitis can affect the animal in a multisystemic way, compromising its well-being and bringing economic losses. In treatment, the use of antimicrobials does not always solve the problem. Thus, surgical treatment can be used, which has good results and should be the choice in the disease. The objective of this work is to report 30 cases of omphalitis in calves, submitted to surgical or conservative treatment. Thirty cases of omphalitis in calves treated in the routine of the Veterinary Hospital of the Paranaense University was analyzed. On physical examination, the animals presented fever, apathy, hyporexia or anorexia and increase of umbilical volume, usually with purulent secretion. Some animals had sepsis and arthritis. In animals with sepsis, hyperemia of the episcleral vessels, dehydration and severe apathy were observed. In calves with arthritis, increased joint volume, pain on palpation and lameness were observed. In animals where the owners did not authorize the surgery, treatment was instituted with sulfadoxine and flunixim meglumine. In dehydrated calves, fluid therapy was used. Animals that were surgically treated received the same clinical treatment protocol as non-operated animals. The surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia and consisted of resection of the affected umbilical structures. Omphalophlebitis was the most common illness. The most frequent complication was sepsis. Calves treated surgically had a higher survival rate (86.66%) than those treated clinically (46.67%). The clinical signs presented by all animals converged with the literature, allowing for clinical diagnosis. Clinical examination is essential for diagnosis in omphalitis cases. Complementary methods include ultrasound, thermography and laparoscopy, which are important to identify changes in intra-abdominal umbilical structures. Accurate diagnosis of the involved structures was only possible in animals surgically, as well as alterations in organs such as the liver and bladder. There is great variability related to the umbilical structures involved, according to initial care, breeds, seasonality or even the method of conception. Unlike what is observed in the literature, in the present study, there was a higher prevalence of omphalophlebitis, demonstrating variability in relation to the umbilical structures involved. Sepsis, observed in 16.7% of cases, results from bacterial ascension of the umbilical structures. Lameness due to polyarthritis was found in 10% of animals. Meningoencephalitis was observed in 3.3%. Hepatic and retroperitoneal abscedation were observed in 6.7% and 3.3% of cases, respectively. Conservative treatment with antibiotics and local antiseptics has a limited effect on this type of condition, which was proven in the present study, since the survival rate was statistically higher in animals surgically treated.(AU)