Zero-inflated Poisson regression models for QTL mapping applied to tick-resistance in a Gyr x Holstein F2 population

Nowadays, an important and interesting alternative in the control of tick-infestation in cattle is to select resistant animals, and identify the respective quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and DNA markers, for posterior use in breeding programs. The number of ticks/animal is characterized as a discrete-counting trait, which could potentially follow Poisson distribution. However, in the case of an excess of zeros, due to the occurrence of several noninfected animals, zero-inflated Poisson and generalized zero-inflated distribution (GZIP) may provide a better description of the data. Thus, the objective here was to compare through simulation, Poisson and ZIP models (simple and generalized) with classical approaches, for QTL mapping with counting phenotypes under different scenarios, and to apply these approaches to a QTL study of tick resistance in an F2 cattle (Gyr x Holstein) population. It was concluded that, when working with zero-inflated data, it is recommendable to use the generalized and simple ZIP model for analysis. On the other hand, when working with data with zeros, but not zero-inflated, the Poisson model or a data-transformation-approach, such as square-root or Box-Cox transformation, are applicable.

Substituição do milho por polpa cítrica em rações com alta proporção de concentrado para cordeiros confinados / Replacement of corn by citrus pulp in high grain diets fed to feedlot lambs

A polpa cítrica desidratada (PC) é um subproduto altamente energético e com potencial para substituir o milho em rações de cordeiros desmamados precocemente. Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliarem-se os efeitos da substituição do milho por PC no desempenho de cordeiros e na digestibilidade das rações. No Experimento 1, 64 cordeiros Santa Inês, com peso vivo inicial de 18 (±0,6) kg e 73 (±1) dias de idade, foram utilizados para avaliar o ganho de peso médio diário (GMD), o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e a conversão alimentar (CA). No experimento 2, 12 cordeiros foram mantidos em gaiolas para ensaio de metabolismo para determinar a digestibilidade aparente das rações no trato digestório total e o metabolismo de nitrogênio. Nos dois experimentos, os cordeiros foram alimentados com uma ração contendo 90 por cento de concentrado (milho moído e/ou PC, farelo de soja e minerais) e 10 por cento de feno de "coastcross" (Cynodon spp). A PC foi adicionada em 23,7; 46,1 e 68,4 por cento da MS, substituindo o milho em 33, 67 e 100 por cento, respectivamente. No Experimento 1, foi observado a maximização do GMD (267g dia-1) e do CMS (1,01kg dia-1), até o teor de substituição de 33 por cento do milho pela PC. No Experimento 2, houve efeito linear (P<0,05) decrescente na digestibilidade da MS (P<0,03) e do PB (P<0,10). Por outro lado, a digestibilidade da FDN aumentou linearmente com a adição da PC. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos na digestiblidade aparente da matéria orgânica e no balanço de nitrogênio.

Dried citrus pulp (DCP) is a high energy byproduct and may be used to replace corn in early weaned lamb diets. Two trials were performed to evaluate the effects of replacing corn by dried citrus pulp on lamb performance and diet digestibility. In trial 1, 64 Santa Ines ram lambs (initial BW 18 ± 0.6kg and 73 ± 1 days old) were used to evaluate average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion (FC). In trial 2, 12 ram lambs were placed in metabolism crates to evaluate N metabolism and apparent digestibility of diets. In both trials, lambs were fed a 90 percent concentrate (ground corn and/or DCP, soybean meal and minerals) and 10 percent coastcross hay (Cynodon spp) diet. DCP was added at 23.7, 46.1 and 68 percent (diet DM) replacing corn by 33, 67 and 100 percent, respectively. In Trial 1, the higher ADG (267g day-1) and DMI (1.01kg day-1) were observed when DCP replaced corn by 33 percent in the diet. In Trial 2, apparent digestibility of DM (P<0.03) and CP (P<0.10) showed a linear decrease. However, NDF digestibility increased linearly (P<0.04) with the addition of DCP. OM digestibility and N metabolism were similar among treatments.

Molecular marker heterozygosities and genetic distances as correlates of production traits in F1 bovine crosses

Several studies have investigated the relationship between heterozygosity, genetic distance and production traits. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the degree of heterozygosity and genetic distance on growth, carcass and reproductive related features in F1 bovine crosses. We tested 10 polymorphic markers in 330 purebred cattle (Nelore, Canchim, Aberdeen Angus and Simental) and 256 crossbred cattle belonging to four crossbred groups. Individual heterozygosities (Hi) and multilocus genetic similarity (Dm) were estimated and used in correlation analysis against individual phenotypic measurements. Significant (p < 0.05) Hi effects occurred for birth weight, 15 to 18 month weight, hot carcass weight and longissimus rib eye area. The extent to which increased heterozygosity (deltaH) in F1 crosses can be predicted from the genetic distance of parental breeds was also investigated using Nei's standard genetic distance (Ds) and standard heterozygosity (Hs). High correlations were found between deltaHi, deltaHs and the Ds of the parental breeds. Our results suggest that heterozygosity of the ten molecular markers used in this study may affect live weight during at least one growth phase. Parental genetic distance was a suitable predictor of the degree of progeny heterozygosity.

k-casein, ß-lactoglobulin and growth hormone allele frequencies and genetic distances in Nelore, Gyr, Guzerá, Caracu, Charolais, Canchim and Santa Gertrudis cattle

Os genótipos de k-caseína (k-CN), ß-lactoglobulina (ß-LG) e hormônio de crescimento foram determinados por reaçäo em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) e digestäo com enzima de restriçäo em sete raças de bovinos (Nelore, Gir, Guzerá, Caracu, Charolesa, Canchim e Santa Gertrudis). A k-caseína apresentou dois alelos e as freqüências mais elevadas para o alelo A foram observadas em Bos indicus (0,93, 0,92 e 0,91 por cento para as raças Gir, Guzerá e Nelore, respectivamente). A ß-lactoglobulina apresentou dois alelos em todas as raças estudadas, sendo a freqüência do alelo A mais elevada nas raças européias. O loco de hormônio de crescimento apresentou dois alelos em Bos taurus e foi monomórfico (alelo L) em todas as raças zebuínas. A maior freqüência para o alelo V foi observado na raça Charolesa. Os marcadores investigados revelaram alta similaridade entre as raças, com a formaçäo de dois grupos principais: um composto de raças zebuínas e a raça Santa Gertrudis e outro composto das raças européias e a raça Canchim.