Contribuições da psicanálise no manejo de crianças com transtornos do espectro autista / Contributions of psychoanalysis in the management of children with autistic spectrum disorders / Aportaciones del psicoanálisis en el tratamiento de niños con trastornos del espectro autista

Em todo o mundo, as pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista são discriminadas e têm seus direitos violados. Estima-se que uma em cada 160 crianças possuem o distúrbio e os estudos indicam o aumento globalizado da prevalência do Espectro. A psicanálise é conhecida por ser uma clínica do sujeito, e em crianças com TEA, se coloca no lugar de respeito ao jeito de ser de cada indivíduo, independentemente de sua patologia. As intervenções psicossociais com base nas teorias psicanalíticas são uma forma de reduzir as angústias vividas pelo sujeito, às dificuldades de comunicação e convívio social, melhorando a qualidade de vida. Desse modo, a presente pesquisa buscou compreender como a técnica psicanalítica pode contribuir no manejo de crianças com TEA. Para isto foi realizado um estudo de caráter descritivo e qualitativo com 12 psicanalistas que atendem crianças com o espectro. As entrevistas e dados sociodemográficos foram analisados com auxílio do IRAMUTEQ e do SPSS 21.0, respectivamente. Após a análise, as palavras puderam ser agrupadas em dois grandes eixos. O primeiro caracterizando o processo de evolução, onde a importância da família é ponto chave, e o segundo, relacionado ao lugar do psicanalista na direção da análise, caracterizando as especificidades do tratamento, do manejo e linguagem desta demanda. Pode- se perceber que as entrevistas explanaram as vivências da prática clínica, além de um tratamento possível e que mostra resultados no atendimento psicanalítico de crianças diagnosticadas ou em processo de diagnóstico do TEA.

All over the world, people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder are discriminated against and have their rights violated. It is estimated that one in every 160 children has the disorder and studies indicate the global increase in the prevalence of the Spectrum. Psychoanalysis is known to be a clinic of the subject, and in children with ASD, it takes the place of respect for the way of being of each individual, regardless of their pathology. Psychosocial interventions based on psychoanalytic theories are a way to reduce the anxieties experienced by the subject, the difficulties in communication and social interaction, improving the quality of life. Thus, this research sought to understand how the psychoanalytic technique can contribute to the management of children with ASD. For this, a descriptive and qualitative study was carried out with 12 psychoanalysts who assist children with the spectrum. The interviews and sociodemographic data were analyzed using IRAMUTEQ and SPSS 21.0, respectively. After analysis, the words could be grouped into two major axes. The first characterizing the process of evolution, where the importance of the family is a key point, and the second, related to the place of the psychoanalyst in the direction of the analysis, characterizing the specificities of the treatment, handling and language of this demand. It can be seen that the interviews explained the experiences of clinical practice, in addition to a possible treatment that shows results in the psychoanalytic care of children diagnosed or in the process of being diagnosed with ASD.

En todo el mundo, las personas con Trastorno del Espectro Autista son discriminadas y se violan sus derechos. Se estima que uno de cada 160 niños tiene el trastorno y los estudios indican el aumento global de la prevalencia del Espectro. El psicoanálisis se sabe que es una clínica del sujeto, y en los niños con TEA, toma el lugar del respeto por la forma de ser de cada individuo, independientemente de su patología. Las intervenciones psicosociales basadas en las teorías psicoanalíticas son una forma de reducir las ansiedades que experimenta el sujeto, las dificultades en la comunicación y la interacción social, mejorando la calidad de vida. Así, esta investigación buscó comprender cómo la técnica psicoanalítica puede contribuir al manejo de niños con TEA. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo y cualitativo con 12 psicoanalistas que asisten a niños con el espectro. Las entrevistas y los datos sociodemográficos se analizaron con IRAMUTEQ y SPSS 21.0, respectivamente. Después del análisis, las palabras podrían agruparse en dos grandes ejes. La primera caracterizando el proceso de evolución, donde la importancia de la familia es un punto clave, y la segunda, relacionada con el lugar del psicoanalista en la dirección del análisis, caracterizando las especificidades del tratamiento, manejo y lenguaje de esta demanda. . Se puede apreciar que las entrevistas explicaron las experiencias de la práctica clínica, además de un posible tratamiento que muestra resultados en la atención psicoanalítica de niños diagnosticados o en proceso de ser diagnosticados con TEA. PALABRAS CLAVE: Psicoanálisis; Niños; Trastorno del Espectro Autista.

Increased levels of hexacosanoic acid in the brain of Winstar rats: a behavioral study

Introduction: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a peroxisomal metabolic disorder associated with mutations in the ATP-binding cassette sub-family D member1 (ABCD1) gene. Practically all male patients with X-ALD develop adrenocortical insufficiency during childhood and progressive myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy in adulthood. However, some male patients develop a fatal cerebral demyelinating disease named cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Although the exact mechanisms underlying brain damage in X-ALD are still poorly elucidated, it is known that hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) accumulation represents a hallmark in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, we examined whether an overload of C26:0 injected in Wistar rats was capable of causing behavioral changes in these animals. Methods: Egg lecithin in ethanol was dried under a nitrogen stream and mixed with C26:0 methyl ester. Male Wistar rats at 2-3 weeks of age were obtained from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), divided into 8 groups, and submitted to an open field test. We then analyzed line crossings (locomotion and exploration), rearing (orienting and investigatory responses), grooming (anxiety manifestation), and latency to move for each animal. Results: Animals subjected to C26:0 administration presented fewer crossings and rearing episodes and a higher latency to move 45 minutes after C26:0 injection. The present work yields experimental evidence that C26:0, the main accumulated metabolite in X-ALD, can cause behavioral alterations in rats such as the impairment of locomotion and exploratory capabilities, as well as a reduction in orienting and investigatory responses. Conclusion: Although our results are preliminary, they are extremely important for future studies that investigate C26:0 accumulation and locomotor impairment in patients with X-ALD. (AU)

Anatomy, histochemistry and oxalic acid content of the leaflets of Averrhoa bilimbi and Averrhoa carambola

Abstract Averrhoa bilimbi L. and A. carambola L., Oxalidaceae, are the only two species of the genus Averrhoa L. Their leaves are widely used in folk medicine as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes. Some species may contain, for example, calcium oxalate crystals, which may lead to risk in its use when there is predisposition of individuals with reduced renal activity. Therefore, there are still few studies on the content of oxalic acid present in them, highlighting the importance of this investigation. The objective of this work was to conduct a comparative anatomical and histochemical study between the species and determining its content of oxalic acid. Semipermanent histological slides were prepared, following common plant anatomy procedures, for analysis of the leaflets in optical microscopy, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. To determine the total, soluble and insoluble oxalate content was used titration with potassium permanganate. The anatomical characterization allowed identifying the characters useful in the differentiation of the species. The histochemistry revealed the location of the metabolites. Chemical microanalyses demonstrated that the crystals are of calcium oxalate. A. carambola presented the highest levels of total oxalate and soluble oxalate. The study assists in the identification and quality control of A. bilimbi and A. carambola and brings new data on its oxalic acid content, which are important, in view of the medicinal use of the species.

Anatomical characterization of ultra-structures, biominerals and histolocalization of metabolites in leaves of Genipa americana

Abstract Inserted in one of the largest families among the Angiosperms, Genipa americana L., Rubiaceae, can be found in all Brazilian territory, presenting great medicinal importance, where several uses have been attributed. In view of this, this work has the purpose of analyzing the ultrastructural, biomineral, phytochemical and histochemical characteristics of the leaves of this native species from Brazil. For this, light microscopy, polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used with X-ray scattering energy, associated to chromatographic and histochemical tests. The anatomical ultrastructural characteristics of the leaves detailed information about the type and arrangement of the cuticle, trichomes, surface and arrangement of the tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. The phytochemical tests allowed determining their chromatographic pattern and histochemistry to determine the exact storage site of these substances in the leaf. It was observed that the characterization of the crystalline macro-pattern present in the analyzed species, as well as its exact elemental composition, can be considered an important differential diagnosis factor. The results characterize the leaves of this species in different aspects, being a native species and pharmacologically promising, with different popular uses and proven pharmacological activities, and more in depth studies is needed.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN Schistosoma mansoni MALE WORMS AFTER in vitro INCUBATION WITH THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF Mentha x villosa Huds

Introduction: The essential oil Mentha x villosa (MVEO) has a wide range of actions, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and schistosomicidal actions. The present study aimed to investigate the ultrastructural changes of MVEO on the tegument of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of MVEO were tested on S. mansoni adult worms in vitro. Ultrastructural changes on the tegument of these adult worms were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: The MVEO caused the death of all worms at 500 μg mL-1 after 24 h. After 24h of 500 μg mL-1 MVEO treatment, bubble lesions were observed over the entire body of worms and they presented loss of tubercles in some regions of the ventral portion. In the evaluation by TEM, S. mansoni adult worms treated with MVEO, 500 μg mL-1, presented changes in the tegument and vacuoles in the syncytial matrix region. Glycogen granules close to the muscle fibers were visible. Conclusion: The ability of MVEO to cause extensive ultrastructural damage to S. mansoni adult worms correlates with its schistosomicidal effects and confirms earlier findings with S. mansoni.

Ultrastructural study on the morphological changes to male worms of Schistosoma mansoni after in vitro exposure to allicin / Estudo ultraestrutural das alterações morfológicas de vermes machos de Schistosoma mansoni após exposição in vitro à alicina

INTRODUCTION: Garlic has a wide range of actions, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal and anthelmintic actions. This antiparasitic activity has been attributed to allicin, which is the main constituent of garlic. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of allicin on the tegument of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms using scanning electron microscopy. METHODS: Swiss Webster mice were infected with S. mansoni cercariae (100 per mouse) and sacrificed 50 days later to acquire the adult worms. These worms were collected by perfusion and placed in RPMI medium 1,640 at 37°C before transferring to RPMI media containing 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20mg/mL of allicin, where they were incubated for 2h. The worms were fixed in 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde solution, washed twice, post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, washed twice and then dehydrated with ascending grades of ethanol. The samples were air-dried, mounted on stubs, gold coated in an ion sputtering unit and viewed using a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: A concentration of 5mg/mL caused wrinkling in the tegument; a concentration of 10mg/mL resulted in changes to tubercles and loss or modification of spines. With 15 and 20mg/mL increasing damage to the tegument could be seen, such as vesicle formation and the presence of ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the effect of allicin on adult S. mansoni worms and indicate that most of the changes occur at concentrations greater than that normally indicated for treatment.

INTRODUÇÃO: O alho apresenta uma ampla gama de ações, incluindo antibacteriana, antiviral, antifúngico, antiprotozoário e anti-helmíntico. Esta atividade antiparasitária tem sido atribuída à alicina, que é o principal constituinte do alho. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ação in vitro da alicina no tegumento de vermes adultos de Schistosoma mansoni utilizando a microscopia eletrônica de varredura. MÉTODOS: Camundongos Swiss Webster foram infectados com cercárias de S. mansoni (100 por camundongo) e sacrificados 50 dias depois para aquisição de vermes adultos. Estes vermes foram coletados por perfusão e colocados em meio RPMI 1.640 a 37°C antes de transferir para o meio RPMI contendo 0 (controle), 5, 10, 15 e 20mg/mL de alicina, onde eles foram incubados por 2h. Os vermes foram fixados em uma solução de glutaraldeído a 2,5 por cento, lavados duas vezes, pós-fixados em tetróxido de ósmio, lavados duas vezes e então desidratados em séries crescentes de etanol. As amostras foram secadas, montadas em stubs, metalizadas em ouro e visualizadas utilizando o microscópio eletrônico de varredura. RESULTADOS: A concentração de 5mg/mL causou o enrugamento do tegumento; a concentração de 10mg/mL resultou em alterações nos tubérculos e perda ou modificações nos espinhos. Com 15 e 20mg/mL crescentes danos no tegumento pode ser visto, tais como formação de vesículas e presença de úlceras. CONCLUSÕES: Esses resultados demonstram os efeitos da alicina nos vermes adultos de S. mansoni e indicam que a maioria das alterações ocorrem numa concentração maior do que a normalmente indicada para o tratamento.