RESUMO
Objetivo: investigar qué estrategias para aumentar la demanda de vacunación son efectivas a la hora de incrementar la cobertura de vacunación infantil en países de ingresos bajos y medios. Metodología: se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, POPLINE, ECONLIT, CINAHL, LILACS, BDSP, Web of Science y Scopus para encontrar estudios pertinentes, publicados en alemán, español, francés, hindi, inglés y portugués hasta el 25 de marzo de 2014. Se incluyeron estudios de intervenciones que tenían como objetivo incrementar la demanda de vacunación infantil de rutina. Los estudios fueron considerados elegibles si se realizaron en países de ingresos bajos y medios y utilizaron un diseño de ensayo controlado aleatorizado, ensayo controlado no aleatorizado, estudio controlado antes y después o de series temporales interrumpidas. Se estimó un riesgo de sesgo mediante las directrices de colaboración de Cochrane y se realizaron metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios. Resultados: se identificaron 11 estudios que abarcan cuatro ensayos controlados aleatorizados, seis ensayos controlados aleatorizados por conglomerados y un estudio controlado antes y después, publicados en inglés entre 1996 y 2013. En general, los participantes fueron padres de niños pequeños expuestos a una intervención elegible. Seis estudios demostraron un bajo riesgo de sesgo y cinco estudios presentaron un riesgo de sesgo entre moderado y elevado. Se realizó un análisis agrupado teniendo en cuenta los 11 estudios, con datos de 11.512 participantes. Las intervenciones enfocadas en la demanda se relacionaron con una recepción de las vacunas significativamente superior, riesgo relativo (RR): 1,30, (intervalo de confianza, IC, del 95%: 1,17-1,44). Los análisis de los subgrupos también demostraron efectos importantes de siete estudios de educación y traslación de conocimientos, RR: 1,40 (IC del 95%: 1,20-1,63) y de cuatro estudios que utilizaron incentivos, RR: 1,28 (IC del 95%: 1,12-1,45). Conclusion: las intervenciones enfocadas en la demanda conducen a mejoras significativas en la cobertura de vacunación infantil en países de ingresos bajos y medios. Asimismo, los enfoques educativos y el uso de incentivos fueron estrategias efectivas.
Objective: To investigate which strategies to increase demand for vaccination are effective in increasing child vaccine coverage in low- and middle-income countries. Methodology: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library, POPLINE, ECONLIT, CINAHL, LILACS, BDSP, Web of Science and Scopus databases for relevant studies, published in English, French, German, Hindi, Portuguese and Spanish up to 25 March 2014. We included studies of interventions intended to increase demand for routine childhood vaccination. Studies were eligible if conducted in low- and middle-income countries and employing a randomized controlled trial, non-randomized controlled trial, controlled before-and-after or interrupted time series design. We estimated risk of bias using Cochrane collaboration guidelines and performed random-effects meta-analysis. Results: it was identified 11 studies comprising four randomized controlled trials, six cluster randomized controlled trials and one controlled before-and-after study published in English between 1996 and 2013. Participants were generally parents of young children exposed to an eligible intervention. Six studies demonstrated low risk of bias and five studies had moderate to high risk of bias. We conducted a pooled analysis considering all 11 studies, with data from 11 512 participants. Demand-side interventions were associated with significantly higher receipt of vaccines, relative risk (RR): 1.30, (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.17-1.44). Subgroup analyses also demonstrated significant effects of seven education and knowledge translation studies, RR: 1.40 (95% CI: 1.20-1.63) and of four studies which used incentives, RR: 1.28 (95% CI: 1.12-1.45). Conclusion: Demand-side interventions lead to significant gains in child vaccination coverage in low- and middle-income countries. Educational approaches and use of incentives were both effective strategies.
Objetivo: investigar quais as estratégias para aumentar a demanda para a vacinação é eficaz em aumentar a cobertura da vacinação infantil em renda baixa e média. Metodologia: Foram pesquisados os bancos de dados do MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, POPLINE, EconLit, CINAHL, LILACS, BDSP, Web of Science e Scopus foram feitas para encontrar estudos relevantes, publicadas em Alemão, Espanhol, Francês, Hindi, Inglês e Português até 25 de Março de 2014. estudos de intervenções que visam a aumentar a demanda para a vacinação infantil de rotina incluído. Os estudos foram considerados elegíveis se eles foram feitos em renda baixa e média utilizou um desenho randomizado controlado julgamento, sem estudo controlado randomizado, controlado antes e depois do estudo ou série temporal interrompida. um risco de viés foi estimado pelos efeitos aleatórios Cochrane Collaboration diretrizes e meta-análises foram realizadas. Resultados : 11 estudos abrangendo quatro ensaios clínicos randomizados, seis experimentos de aglomeração randômica controladas e controladas antes e depois de estudos publicados em Inglês, entre 1996 e 2013. Em geral identificados, os participantes foram pais de crianças pequenas expostas a uma intervenção elegíveis. Seis estudos mostraram um baixo risco de viés e cinco estudos mostraram um risco de viés moderado a elevado. Uma análise foi realizada tendo em conta conjunta dos 11 estudos com dados de 11.512 participantes. Intervenções focadas na demanda foram associados com significativamente maior recebimento de vacinas, o risco relativo (RR): 1,30 (intervalo de confiança, IC 95%: 1,17-1,44). O subgrupo análises também mostraram efeitos significativos de sete estudos de educação e tradução do conhecimento, RR 1,40 (IC 95%: 1,20 a 1,63) e quatro estudos utilizando incentivos, RR 1, (IC 95%: 1,12-1,45) 28. Conclusão: intervenções focadas na procura vai gerar melhorias significativas na cobertura de imunização infantil em renda baixa e média. Além disso, as abordagens educacionais e usando incentivos foram estratégias eficazes.
RESUMO
Diarrhoeal infections are the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and continue to take a high toll on child health. Mushrooming of slums due to continuous urbanization has made diarrhoea one of the biggest public-health challenges in metropolitan cities in India. The objective of the study was to carry out a community-based health and nutrition-education intervention, focusing on several factors influencing child health with special emphasis on diarrhoea, in a slum of Delhi, India. Mothers (n=370) of children, aged >12-71 months, identified by a door-to-door survey from a large urban slum, were enrolled in the study in two groups, i.e. control and intervention. To ensure minimal group interaction, enrollment for the control and intervention groups was done purposively from two extreme ends of the slum cluster. Baseline assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on diarrhoea-related issues, such as oral rehydration therapy (ORT), oral rehydration salt (ORS), and continuation of breastfeeding during diarrhoea, was carried out using a pretested questionnaire. Thereafter, mothers (n=195) from the intervention area were provided health and nutrition education through fortnightly contacts achieved by two approaches developed for the study—‘personal discussion sessions’ and ‘lane approach’. The mothers (n=175) from the control area were not contacted. After the intervention, there was a significant (p=0.000) improvement in acquaintance to the term ‘ORS’ (65-98%), along with its method of reconstitution from packets (13-69%); preparation of home-made sugar-salt solution (10-74%); role of both in the prevention of dehydration (30-74%) and importance of their daily preparation (74-96%); and continuation of breastfeeding during diarrhoea (47-90%) in the intervention area. Sensitivity about age-specific feeding of ORS also improved significantly (p=0.000) from 13% to 88%. The reported usage of ORS packets and sugar-salt solution improved significantly from 12% to 65% (p=0.000) and 12% to 75% (p=0.005) respectively. The results showed that health and nutrition-education intervention improved the knowledge and attitudes of mothers. The results indicate a need for intensive programmes, especially directed towards urban slums to further improve the usage of oral rehydration therapy.