Skeletal muscles with antagonistic muscular actions: morphological, contractile and metabolic characteristics / Músculo esquelético con acción muscular antogonista: características metabólicas, contratiles y morfológicas

The muscles can perform the same function in a specific segment (muscles of fast and slow contraction), and at the same time be antagonistic in relation to muscular action (flexors or extensors). The present research aimed to study the morphology, frequency and metabolism of fiber types and the contractile characteristics of extensor and flexors muscles of rabbit. We studied muscles anterior tibialis (AT), flexor digitorum supeficialis (FDS), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and posterior tibialis (PT). The muscles were submitted to the techniques HE, NADH-TR and myofibrillar ATPase. In EDL and PT extensor muscles, the frequencies of red (SO + FOG) and white fibers (FG) were 68.77 percent and 31.23 percent versus 58.87 percent and 41.13 percent, respectively. In the AT and FDS flexor muscles, these frequencies were 75.14 percent and 24.86 percent versus 73.89 percent and 26.11 percent, respectively. In extensor muscles, the percentage of slow contraction fibers was 8.05 percent in EDL and 9.74 percent in PT, and in fast contraction, 91.95 percent in EDL and 90.26 percent in PT. In flexors, the slow contraction frequencies were 12.35 percent in AT and 8.17 percent in FDS, and in fast contraction, 87.65 percent and 91.83 percent, respectively. Skeletal muscles with antagonistic muscular actions (flexors and extensors) the morphological, contractile and metabolic characteristics are identical.

Los músculos estriados esqueléticos pueden desempeñar la misma función en un segmento corporal específico (músculos decontracción rápida y lenta), y al mismo tiempo pueden ser antagonistas en relación a su acción muscular (flexores o extensores). El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la morfología, el metabolismo y la frecuencia de los tipos de fibras y las características contráctiles de músculos flexores y extensores del conejo. Fueron evaluados los músculos tibial anterior (TA), flexor superficial de los dedos (FDS), extensor largo de los dedos (EDL) y tibial posterior (TP). Los músculos fueron sometidos a las técnicas de Hematoxilina Eosina (HE), NADH-TR y ATPase miofibrilar. En los músculos extensores EDL y TP, las frecuencias de los tipos de fibras rojas (SO + FOG) y fibras blancas (FG) fueron de 68,77 por ciento y 31,23 por ciento versus 58,87 por ciento y 41,13 por ciento, respectivamente. En los músculos flexores TA y FDS estas frecuencias fueron 75,14 por ciento y 24,86 por ciento versus 73,89 por ciento y 26,11 por ciento, respectivamente. En los músculos extensores el porcentaje de fibras de contracción lenta fue 8,05 por ciento en el EDL y 9,74 por ciento en el TP; y las fibras de contracción rápida fue de 91,95 por ciento en el EDL y 90,26 por ciento en el TP. En los flexores la frecuencia de fibras de contracción lenta fue12,35 por ciento en el TA y 8,17 por ciento FSD, y las fibras de contracción rßpida fue 87,65 por ciento y 91,83 por ciento respectivamente. Músculos esqueléticos con acción muscular antagónica (flexores y extensores) poseen características morfológicas, contráctiles y metabólicas idénticas.

Perfil nutricional e cardiovascular de ratos normotensos e hipertensos sob dieta hiperlipídica / Nutritional and cardiovascular profiles of normotensive and hypertensive rats kept on a high fat diet / Perfil nutricional y cardiovascular de ratas normotensas e hipertensos bajo dieta hiperlipídica

FUNDAMENTO: Embora dietas hiperlipídicas (DH) promovam distúrbios nutricionais e cardíacos, poucos estudos avaliaram sua influência em ratos normotensos Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar o perfil nutricional e cardiovascular de WKY e SHR tratados com DH. MÉTODOS: 20 WKY e 20 SHR foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: WKY-controle (WKY-C), WKY-DH, SHR-controle (SHR- C) e SHR-DH. Os grupos C e DH receberam, respectivamente, dieta normocalórica e DH durante 20 semanas. Foram avaliados: peso corporal (PC), adiposidade, glicemia, lípides séricos, com dosagens de colesterol total e triacilglicerol, insulina e leptina. O estudo cardiovascular contemplou a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), avaliação cardiopulmonar anatômica, ecocardiograma e histologia cardíaca. RESULTADOS: Os SHRs apresentaram menor PC, adiposidade, glicose, colesterol, triacilglicerol, leptina e insulina, quando comparados aos WKYs. Nos SHR, a ingestão calórica aumentou com a DH. Já nos WKYs, a DH elevou a eficiência energética, a adiposidade e a leptina e reduziu a glicemia. Na avaliação cardiovascular, os SHR apresentaram maior PAS, umidade pulmonar, hipertrofia e fibrose intersticial miocárdica em relação aos WKYs (p<0,01); mas a função cardíaca foi similar entre as cepas. A DH reduziu o diâmetro sistólico ventricular nos WKY e acentuou a relação E/A mitral, as espessuras diastólicas do septo interventricular e da parede posterior bem como a fibrose intersticial do ventrículo esquerdo. CONCLUSÃO: Embora não tenha afetado significativamente o perfil nutricional dos SHRs, o tratamento acentuou a remodelação cardíaca e precipitou o aparecimento de disfunção diastólica ventricular. Nos WKY, a dieta aumentou a adiposidade e a leptinemia, e promoveu modificações cardiovasculares não significantes.

BACKGROUND: Although a high fat diet (HFD) promotes nutritional and heart disorders, few studies have assessed its influence in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the nutritional and cardiovascular profiles of WKY and SHR on a high fat diet. METHODS: 20 WKY and 20 SHR were divided into four groups: Control-WKY (C-WKY), HFD-WKY, Control-SHR (C-SHR) and HFD-SHR. The C and HFD groups received, respectively, a normocaloric diet and a HFD for 20 weeks. The following features were evaluated: body weight (BW), adiposity, blood glucose, serum lipids, with measurements of total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels, insulin and leptin. The cardiovascular study included the systolic blood pressure (SBP), a cardiopulmonary anatomical evaluation, an echocardiography and heart histology. RESULTS: The SHR had BW, adiposity, glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, leptin and insulin levels lower than the WKY. In SHR, the caloric intake increased with HFD. In WKY, the HFD increased energy efficiency, adiposity and blood leptin, and reduced glucose. In the cardiovascular assessment, the SHR had SBP, pulmonary moisture, myocardial hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis higher than the WKY (p <0.01); the cardiac function was similar in both strains. The HFD reduced the ventricular systolic diameter in the WKY and increased the mitral E/A ratio, the diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall, as well as the interstitial fibrosis of the left ventricle. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2009; 93(5) : 487-494) CONCLUSION: Although it had not significantly affected the nutritional profile of the SHR, the treatment increased cardiac remodeling and precipitated the emergence of ventricular diastolic dysfunction. In WKY, the diet increased adiposity and leptinemia, and promoted non-significant cardiovascular changes.

FUNDAMENTO: Embora dietas hiperlipídicas (DH) promovam distúrbios nutricionais e cardíacos, poucos estudos avaliaram sua influência em ratos normotensos Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). OBJETIVO: Evaluar y comparar el perfil nutricional y cardiovascular de WKY y SHR tratadas con DH. MÉTODOS: Un total de 20 WKY y 20 SHR se distribuyó en cuatro grupos: WKY-control (WKY-C), WKY-DH, SHR-control (SHR-C) y SHR-DH. Los grupos C y DH recibieron, respectivamente, dieta normocalórica y DH durante 20 semanas. Se evaluaron: peso corporal (PC), adiposidad, glucemia, lípidos séricos, con dosificaciones de colesterol total y triacilglicerol, insulina y leptina. El estudio cardiovascular contempló la presión arterial sistólica (PAS), evaluación cardiopulmonar anatómica, ecocardiograma e histología cardiaca. RESULTADOS: Las SHRs presentaron menor PC, adiposidad, glucosa, colesterol, triacilglicerol, leptina e insulina, cuando comparadas a las WKYs. En las SHR, la ingestión calórica aumentó con la DH. Sin embargo en las WKYs, la DH elevó la eficiencia energética, la adiposidad y la leptina y reduzco la glucemia. En la evaluación cardiovascular, las SHR presentaron mayor PAS, humedad pulmonar, hipertrofia y fibrosis intersticial miocárdica en cuanto a las WKYs (p<0,01); sin embargo la función cardiaca se halló similar entre las cepas. La DH reduzco el diámetro sistólico ventricular en los WKY y acentuó la relación E/A mitral, los espesores diastólicos del septo interventricular y de la pared posterior así como la fibrosis intersticial del ventrículo izquierdo. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque no afectó significativamente el perfil nutricional de las SHRs, el tratamiento acentuó la remodelación cardiaca y precipitó el aparecimiento de disfunción diastólica ventricular. En los WKY, la dieta aumentó la adiposidad y la leptinemia, y promovió modificaciones cardiovasculares no significantes.

Fiber-type composition of skeletal muscle tissue in different breeds of pigs (sus scrofa)

The frequency, the distribution of fiber types, the area, the number of nuclei per fiber, the number and the morphological, metabolic and contractile characteristics of the muscle of the Masseter and Longissimus Dorsi muscles of Piau, Sorocaba and Large White breeds of pigs were studied. Superficial segments of these muscles were frozen in n-Hexane at -70 degree. For morphological studies, some cryostat sections (10µm) were stained with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE). For fiber typing, subsequent sections were reacted for NADH-TR and myofibrilar ATPase (m-ATPase) after alkaline (pH 10.4) and acid(pH 4.6) preincubations. Masseter muscle of Piau, Sorocaba and Large White pigs revealed a mosaic pattern of Slow Oxydative (SO) and Fast Oxydative Glycolytic (FOG) fibers with the following frequencies: 34.9 per cent and 64.4 per cent; 47.4 per cent and 52.6 per cent; 25,3 per cent and 74,7 per cent, respectively. The area of SO fibers was smaller than of FOG. Longissimus Dorsi muscle revealed three kinds of fibers, SO, FOG and Fast Glycolytic (FG), with frequencies of 12.5 per cent, 29.5 per cent and 57.9 per cent; 21.8 per cent, 21.8 per cent 56.4 per cent; 13.2 per cent, 17.6 per cent and 69.2 per cent, respectively. SO and FOG fibers were arranged in metabolic groups of 5-15 fibers. In Large White pigs, the frequency of SO fibers was significantly lower, while its area was larger. The number of nuclei per fiber was significantly greater in Large White and Sorocaba pigs than in the Piau.