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ABSTRACT Background: The increasing survival of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma has allowed the diagnosis of long-term complications, including late-onset hematological toxicity (LOHT), transitory cytopenias, or therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (t-MDS/t-AML). Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the frequency and clinical evolution of LOHT in patients with lymphoproliferative malignancies. Materials and Methods: Two cohorts of patients B-cell lymphomas were reviewed. Patients who achieved full hematologic recovery at the end of treatment, and thereafter developed any degree of cytopenia were included in the study. Clinical and biochemical parameters were compared between patients with and without cytopenias with X2 test. Bi- and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with the development of late-onset cytopenias. Results: Of 758 patients enrolled, 19 developed cytopenias (2.5%). Transitory cytopenia was documented in 6 cases, 3 developed ICUS, 8 t-MDS, and 2 t-AML. In patients with FL, only hemoglobin < 12 g/dL (p = 0.032) and >6 nodal areas (p = 0.037) at diagnosis were factors statistically significant for the development of cytopenia. During cytopenias, 55% of patients died. Conclusions: LOHT constitutes a cause of morbidity and mortality in 2.5% of lymphoma patients treated with different therapy regimens.
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ABSTRACT Myelodysplastic syndrome with deletion of chromosome 5q (5q-syndrome) has a favorable prognosis and a low risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia, when treated with lenalidomide. Azacitidine leads to complete remission even as second-line therapy and in patients with clonal evolution. We report a 70 years old female without previous exposure to myelotoxic drugs, presenting with three weeks with fatigue and dyspnea. She had anemia with normal white blood cell and platelet count. Bone marrow biopsy showed 50% cellularity and the karyotype analysis revealed a (5) (q33q34) deletion in 22% of the metaphases. A diagnosis of 5q-syndrome with low risk calculated using the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R), was made. Since lenalidomide was not affordable, thalidomide 100 mg/day was initiated, achieving transfusion independence for three years. Afterwards, she developed pancytopenia and a bone marrow biopsy showed erythroid and megakaryocyte dysplasia with a complex karyotype, which worsened prognosis (IPSS-R of five points). Therefore, azacitidine (by donation) was administered. She achieved complete remission with a normal karyotype and completed 12 cycles of treatment. Thereafter, she relapsed and received only supportive care for a year. She suffered an ischemic stroke and died two weeks later.
El síndrome mielodisplásico con deleción del cromosoma 5q (síndrome 5q) tiene un pronóstico favorable y riesgo bajo de transformación a leucemia aguda en pacientes que son tratados con lenalidomida (tratamiento estándar). El uso Azactidina tiene respuestas completas incluso como segunda línea de tratamiento en pacientes con evolución clonal. Presentamos una mujer de 71 años, sin exposición a mielotóxicos que debutó con un síndrome anémico. Se realizó biopsia de medula ósea que mostró celularidad del 50% y en el análisis citogenético se detectó una deleción del cromosoma 5 en 22% de las metafases analizadas, lo que llevó al diagnóstico de Síndrome 5q- de riesgo bajo de acuerdo con el puntaje IPSS-R (Revised International Prognostic Scoring System). Ya que no se pudo costear lenalidomida, se trató con talidomida (100 mg/día). Permaneció tres años sin requerir soporte transfusional. Posteriormente, presentó pancitopenia y en el nuevo aspirado de médula ósea se observó displasia de la serie roja y megacariocitos, con cariotipo complejo y peor pronóstico (IPSS-R 5 puntos). Se trató con 12 ciclos de azacitidina con lo que logró respuesta completa. Recayó 12 meses después y continuó manejo de soporte por un año. Finalmente falleció debido a un accidente vascular cerebral.