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1.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 204-215, June 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672352

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS remain significant health challenges in the Caribbean where the HIV seroprevalence is second only to Sub-Saharan Africa. METHOD: We describe a collaborative approach to the prevention, treatment and care of HIV in pregnant women, infants and children in Jamaica. A team of academic and government healthcare personnel collaborated to address the paediatric and perinatal HIV epidemic in Greater Kingston as a model for Jamaica (population 2.6 million, HIV seroprevalence 1.5%). A five-point plan was utilized and included leadership and training, preventing mother-to-child transmission (pMTCT), treatment and care of women, infants and children, outcomes-based research and local, regional and international outreach. RESULTS: A core group of paediatric/perinatal HIV professionals were trained, including paediatricians, obstetricians, public health practitioners, nurses, microbiologists, data managers, information technology personnel and students to serve Greater Kingston (birth cohort 20 000). During September 2002 to August 2007, over 69 793 pregnant women presented for antenatal care. During these five years, significant improvements occurred in uptake of voluntary counselling (40% to 91%) and HIV-testing (53% to 102%). Eight hundred and eighty-three women tested HIV-positive with seroprevalence rates of 1-2% each year. The use of modified short course zidovudine or nevirapine in the first three years significantly reduced mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV from 29% to 6% (RR 0.27; 95% CI - 0.10, 0.68). During 2005 to 2007 using maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with zidovudine and lamivudine with either nevirapine, nelfinavir or lopinavir/ritonavir and infant zidovudine and nevirapine, MTCT was further reduced to an estimated 1.6% in Greater Kingston and 4.75% islandwide. In five years, we evaluated 1570 children in four-weekly paediatric infectious diseases clinics in Kingston, St Andrew and St Catherine and in six rural outreach sites throughout Jamaica; 24% (377) had HIV/AIDS and 76% (1193) were HIV-exposed. Among the infected children, 79% (299 of 377) initiated HAART, resulting in reduced HIV-attributable childhood morbidity and mortality islandwide. An outcomes-based research programme was successfully implemented. CONCLUSION: Working collaboratively, our mission of pMTCT of HIV and improving the quality of life for families living and affected by HIV/AIDS in Jamaica is being achieved.


ANTECEDENTES: El VIH/SIDA pediátrico y el perinatal continúan siendo retos significativos para la salud en el Caribe, donde la seroprevalencia de VIH ocupa el segundo lugar tras el África Subsahariana. MÉTODO: Se describe un enfoque colaborativo para tratamiento, prevención y cuidado de embarazadas, bebés y niños en Jamaica. Un equipo de personal académico y gubernamental vinculados a la salud, colaboraron para abordar la epidemia de VIH pediátrico y perinatal en Greater Kingston, como modelo para Jamaica (población de 2.6 millones, 1.5% seroprevalencia VIH). Se utilizó un plan de cinco puntos que incluyó liderazgo y entrenamiento, prevención de la transmisión madre a hijo (PTMAH), tratamiento y cuidado de mujeres, bebés y niños, investigaciones basadas en resultados, y outreach local, regional e internacional. RESULTADOS: Un grupo básico de profesionales del VIH pediátrico/perinatal, que incluía pediatras, obstetras, trabajadores de la salud, enfermeras, microbiólogos, administradores de datos, así como personal y estudiantes de la tecnología de la información, fue entrenado para servir en Greater Kingston (cohorte de nacimiento 20 000). De septiembre de 2002 hasta Agosto de 2007, más de 69 793 embarazadas se presentaron para recibir atención prenatal. Durante estos cinco años, tuvieron lugar mejoras significativos en cuanto a la recepción de asesoramiento (40% to 91%) y pruebas (53% to 102%) de VIH voluntarios. Ochocientos ochenta y tres mujeres resultaron VIH positivas en las pruebas, con tasas de seroprevalencia de 1-2% cada año. El uso de un ciclo corto modificado de zidovudina o nevirapina en los primeros tres años, redujo la transmisión madre a hijo (TMAH) de VIH significativamente de 29% a 6% (RR 0.27; 95% CI - 0.10, 0.68). Durante el 2005 hasta 2007, usando terapia antiretroviral altamente activa (TARAA) materna, con zidovudina y lamivudina con nevirapina, nelfinavir o lopinavir/ritonavir y nevirapina y zidovudina para niños, la TMAH se redujo a un estimado de 1.6 % en Greater Kingston y a .75% a lo largo de la isla. En cinco años, evaluamos 1570 niños en cuatro clínicas infecciosas pediátricas semanales en Kingston, Saint Andrew y Saint Catherine, así como en seis otros lugares destinados al servicio comunitario (outreach) por toda Jamaica; 24% (377) tenían VIH/SIDA y 76% (1193) estaba expuestos al VIH. Entre los niños infectados, 79% (299 de 377) iniciaron el TARAA, lo que trajo como resultado una reducción de la mortalidad y la morbilidad infantil atribuible al VIH, en todo el país. Se implementó exitosamente un programa de investigación basado en resultados. CONCLUSIÓN: Trabajando en colaboración, estamos logrando nuestra misión de prevenir la TMAH del VIH, y mejorar la calidad de vida de las familias que viven afectadas por el VIH/SIDA en Jamaica.


Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Saúde Pública , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Proteção da Criança , Intervalos de Confiança , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Cooperação Internacional , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Pediatria , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos
2.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 216-222, June 2008. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672353

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The Ministry of Health, Jamaica, is scaling-up programmes to improve the health of HIV-positive pregnant women according to the modified WHO recommended preventative mother to child transmission (pMTCT) regimens of therapy based upon the mother's clinical and immunological status. Highly-active antiretroviral drugs (HAART) can result in successful pMTCT to < 1%. We report the clinical and immunological characteristics of HIV/AIDS in an era of evolving treatment and care of HIV-infected pregnant Jamaican women. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Clinical records were reviewed of patients registered in antenatal clinics in Greater Kingston and St Catherine, Jamaica (annual birth cohort - 20 000) between September 2002 and August 2006. Disease status was determined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification system for adult HIV/AIDS. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were documented and analyzed. RESULTS: During the four-year period, 571 HIV-infected women were enrolled; 62% from Victoria Jubilee Hospital, 25% from Spanish Town Hospital and 13% from the University Hospital of the West Indies. Mean age was 27-29 (range 15-41) years, median parity was 2 (range 0-9) and 68-70% were unemployed. Ninety-five per cent had live births. CDC categories of illnesses were A - mild disease in 82% (n = 473), B - moderate disease in 4.4% (n = 24) and C - severe disease in 1.4% (n = 8) while 12% (n = 66) had insufficient data. During the first three years, CD4+ cell counts were evaluated in only 2.5% (10 of 406) of patients with median of 344 cells/uL, compared to CD4 evaluation in 50% (83 of 165 women) in the last year with median of 573 cells/uL. Antiretroviral (ARV) medications primarily for pMTCT were given to 89% (n = 506) of women. Of these, uptake of HAART increased during years 1-3 from 2-3% to 62% in year four. Within two years post-partum, 24 women died, 92% (n = 22) from the direct complications of HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive system of care of HIV in the peripartum period has been developed in Jamaica. Detailed medical evaluation during pregnancy is performed with modern guidelines and increasing laboratory availability of CD4+ cell counts and viral loads. We believe declining HIV infection rates in Jamaican infants and healthier mothers are a direct consequence of increased testing in pregnancy with early diagnosis and initiation of HAART-based pMTCT regimens in pregnant women.


ANTECEDENTES: En la actualidad el Ministerio de Salud de Jamaica se halla en plena campaña por aumentar los programas de salud para mujeres embarazadas por el VIH positivo, sobre la base de regímenes terapéuticos para prevenir la transmisión de madre a hijo (PTMAH), de acuerdo con recomendaciones modificadas de la OMS, a partir del estatus inmunológico y clínico de la madre. Los medicamentos antiretrovirales altamente activos (TARAA) pueden traer como resultado un exitoso PTMAH a < 1%. Reportamos las características clínicas e inmunológicas del VIH/SIDA en una etapa en la que el tratamiento y cuidado de las mujeres embarazadas infectadas con VIH en Jamaica, se halla en evolución. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes registrados en las clínicas prenatales en Greater Kingston y Saint Catherine (cohorte de nacimiento anual - 20 000), entre septiembre de 2002 y agosto de 2006. El estatus de la enfermedad fue determinado usando el sistema de clasificación para el VIH/SIDA en adultos, según los Centros para el Control y Prevención de las Enfermedades (CCPE). Se documentario y analizaron datos demográficos, clínicos y de laboratorio. RESULTADOS: Durante el período de cuatro años, se reclutaron 571 mujeres infectadas con el VIH, 62% del Hospital Victoria Jubilee, 25% del Hospital de Spanish Town, y 13% del Hospital Universitario de West Indies. La edad promedio fue de 27-29 años (rango 15-41), la paridad mediana fue 2 (rango 0-9), y el 68-70% eran desempleadas. El noventa y cinco por ciento tuvo nacimientos vivos. Las categorías de enfermedades de CCPE fueron la enfermedad leve A- en 82% (n = 473), la enfermedad moderada B - en 4.4% (n = 24) y la enfermedad severa C - en 1.4% (n = 8) mientras que para el 12% (n = 66) los datos fueron insuficientes. Durante los primeros tres años, los conteos CD4+ fueron evaluados en sólo 2.5% (10 de 406) de los pacientes con la mediana de 344 células/uL, en comparación con la evaluación CD4 en 50% (83 de 165 mujeres) en el último año con una mediana de 573 células/uL. Los medicamentos antiretrovirales (ARV) fundamentalmente para PTMAH fueron dados al 89% (n = 506) de las mujeres. Entre éstas, el consumo de TARAA aumentó durante los años 1-3 de 2-3% a 62% en el cuarto año. En los dos años posteriores al parto, murieron 24 mujeres, 92% (n = 22) de complicaciones directas del VIH/SIDA, CONCLUSIÓN: Un sistema integral de atención al VIH en el período de periparto ha sido desarrollado en Jamaica. Durante el embarazo, se lleva a cabo una evaluación médica detallada con normas modernas y con aumento de la disponibilidad en los laboratorios del conteo CD4+ y cargas virales. Creemos que la disminución de las tasas de infección por VIH en los infantes jamaicanos y el número de madres más saludables, son consecuencia directa del aumento de las pruebas durante el embarazo con diagnóstico precoz y regímenes de PTMAH basados en TARAA en las mujeres embarazadas.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Saúde Pública , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico
3.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 223-230, June 2008. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672354

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Paediatric HIV/AIDS remains a significant challenge in developing countries. We describe the effectiveness of interventions in HIV-infected children attending Paediatric Infectious Diseases Clinics in Jamaica. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-seven HIV-infected children were followed prospectively in multicentre ambulatory clinics between September 1, 2002 and August 31, 2005, in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme, Jamaica, and their outcomes described. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 23 child-months (interquartile range [IQR] 12-31) with 12 children (6.0%) lost to follow-up and deaths (n = 13) occurred at 4.64 per 100 child-years of follow-up. Median age was 5.0 years (IQR 2.2-8.1) and 32.1% had Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) category C disease at enrolment; 62% were ever on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with median duration of 15.4 months (IQR 5.5-25.5); 85% initiated ART with zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine. Mean weight-for-height 0.13 ± 1.02 (mean difference -1.71 [95% Confidence interval (CI) -2.73, -0.69]; p = 0.001) and body mass index-for-age 0.05 ± 1.11 (mean difference -1.11, [CI -1.79, -0.43]; p = 0.002); z scores increased after 24 months on ART; however, children remained stunted. Reductions in the incidence of hospitalizations (mean diff 30.95, [CI 3.12, 58.78]; p = 0.03) and in episodes of pneumonia, culture-positive sepsis and tuberculosis occurred in those on ART. CONCLUSIONS: A successfully implemented ambulatory model for paediatric HIV care in Jamaica has improved the quality of life and survival of HIV-infected children.


ANTECEDENTES Y PROPÓSITO: El VIH/SIDA pediátrico sigue representando un desafío mayor en los países en vías de desarrollo. Describimos la efectividad de las intervenciones en niños infectados con el VIH, que asisten a las clínicas de enfermedades infecciosas en Jamaica. MÉTODOS: Ciento noventa y siete niños infectados con el VIH fueron objeto de un seguimiento prospectivo en las clínicas ambulatorias multicentros, entre septiembre 1 de 2002 y agosto 31 de 2005, como parte del Programa VIH/SIDA Prenatal y Pediátrico de Kingston, Jamaica, y se describen los resultados. RESULTADOS: El seguimiento medio fue de 23 meses-niño (rango intercuartil [IQR] 12-31) con 12 niños (6.0%) perdidos al seguimiento y las muertes (n = 13) ocurridas en 4.64 por 100 años-niño de seguimiento. La media de la edad fue 5.0 años (IQR 2.2-8.1) y 32.1% tuvieron enfermedades de categoría C en Centros de Control y Prevención de las Enfermedades a la hora de su enrolamiento, 62% estuvieron siempre bajo terapia antiretroviral (TAR) con una duración promedio de 15.4 meses (IQR 5.5-25.5); 85% iniciaron TAR con zidovudina/lamivudina/nevirapina. El peso medio por altura fue 0.13 ± 1.02 (diferencia media -1.71 [95% intervalo de confianza (CI) -2.73, -0.69]; p = 0.001) y el índice de masa corporal por edad 0.05 ± 1.11 (diferencia media -1.11, [CI -1.79, -0.43]; p = 0.002) las puntuaciones z aumentaron luego de 24 meses bajo TAR.; sin embargo, los niños permanecieron raquíticos. Reducciones en la incidencia de hospitalizaciones (diferencia media 30.95, [CI 3.12, 58.78]; p = 0.03) y en los episodios de neumonía, sepsis probada por cultivo positivo, y tuberculosis, ocurrieron entre aquellos que se hallaban bajo TAR. CONCLUSIONES: Un modelo ambulatorio exitosamente implemente para la atención pediátrica del VIH en Jamaica, ha mejorado la calidad de vida y la supervivencia de los niños infectados con el VIH.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Qualidade de Vida , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/mortalidade , Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Intervalos de Confiança , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento
4.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 231-237, June 2008. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672355

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the adherence patterns to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a cohort of HIV-infected children. METHODS: Between the periods May to October 2005, 63 HIV-infected children and their caregivers recruited consecutively at four Paediatric Infectious Disease Clinics in Greater Kingston and St Catherine, Jamaica, were interviewed. Adherence was defined as no missed doses in the last four days. Biomedical markers and factors associated with adherence were explored. RESULTS: Global adherence level was 85.7% (54/63) and was significantly higher for children in residential care (approaching 100%) compared to 76.3% for children in family care (p = 0.008). Children had median age 7.9 years (range 0.8 - 19.4 years) and 57% were male. Median duration on ART was 18.3 months (range 0.1 - 123.8 months). Median CD4 count and per cent available for 95.2% (60/63) and 92.1% (58/63) children were 440 cells per µL (IQR 268-897 cells/µL) and 24.9% (IQR 15.6-42.7 %), respectively. Median viral load was 9.60 x 103 copies/ml (IQR 0.05 x 103 - 52.50 x 103) with 16% (10/63) having viral loads # 50 copies/ml. Children in residential care (n = 26), receiving directly observed therapy had higher CD4 counts (p = 0.006) and CD4 per cent (p # 0.001). Factors associated with non-adherence were primarily caregiver related, especially long work hours (p = 0.002) and nausea as a side effect of ART (p = 0.007). Non-adherence was positively correlated with missing clinic appointments (r = 0.342, p = 0.009) and increasing age of child (r = 0.310, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: In resource-limited settings, psychosocial factors contribute significantly to non-adherence and should complement biomedical markers in predicting adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children.


OBJETIVO: Este trabajo tiene por objeto describir los patrones de adhesión a la terapia antiretroviral (TAR) en una cohorte de niños infectados por el VIH. MÉTODOS: Entre los períodos de mayo a octubre de 2005, se entrevistaron 63 niños infectados con el VIH y las personas a cargo de su cuidado, reclutados consecutivamente en cuatro clínicas pediátricas de enfermedades infecciosas en Greater Kingston y Saint Catherine, Jamaica. La adhesión fue definida en términos de las dosis no perdidas en los últimos cuatro días. Se exploraron los marcadores y factores biomédicos asociados con la adhesión. RESULTADOS: El nivel de adhesión global fue de 85.7% (54/63) y fue significativamente más alto para niños en cuidados residenciales (cerca de 100%) en comparación con el 76.3% de los niños en cuidado familiar (p = 0.008). La edad promedio de los niños fue de 7.9 años (rango 0.8 - 19.4 años) y el 57% eran varones. La duración promedio del TAR fue de 18.3 meses (rango 0.1 - 123.8 meses). El conteo medio de CD4 y el porciento disponible para el 95.2% (60/63) y el 92.1% (58/63) de los niños fueron 440 células por µL (IQR 268-897 células/µL) y 24.9% (IQR 15.6 - 42.7 %), respectivamente. La carga viral media fue 9.60 x 103 copias/ml (IQR 0.05 x 103 - 52.50 x 103) con 16% (10/63) con cargas virales # 50 copias/ml. Los niños en cuidado residencial (n = 26), que recibían terapia directamente observada, tuvieron conteos más altos CD4 (p = 0.006) y porciento de CD4 (p # 0.001). Los factores asociados con la no adhesión estuvieron fundamentalmente relacionados con el encargado del cuidado, especialmente largas horas de trabajo (p = 0.002) y náuses como un efecto colateral de TAR (p = 0.007). La no adhesión fue correlacionada positivamente con los turnos médicos perdidos (r = 0.342, p = 0.009) y el aumento de la edad del niño (r = 0.310, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIÓN: En escenarios donde los recursos son limitados, los factores psicosociales contribuyen significativamente a la no adhesión y deben complementar los marcadores biológicos a la hora de predecir la adhesión a la terapia antiretroviral en niños.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Adesão à Medicação/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores , /estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Jamaica , Lamivudina/uso terapêutico , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico
5.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 238-245, June 2008. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672356

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: HIV has been a leading cause of death in Jamaican children aged # five years. Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are increasingly available in Jamaica through the Global Fund. Adverse effects of ARVs are a major cause for non-adherence to medications. Knowledge of the use and side effects of these drugs are crucial in the management of HIV-infected children as we scale-up the use of antiretroviral therapy, islandwide. We evaluated the adverse events and safety of antiretroviral therapy in children attending four Infectious Disease Clinics in Kingston, Jamaica, a resource limited setting. METHODS: Data for children prospectively enrolled in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme during September 2002 to April 2005 were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 121 HIV-infected children, 77 (64%) were on ARVs, 90% had CDC class C disease, 60% were males and perinatal transmission predominated. AZT/3TC based regime was utilized in 93%, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis was used in 100% and five were completing anti-tuberculous drugs. Anaemia occurred in all patients, with increased severity in those on ARVs. Macrocytosis occurred in 83% and thrombocytopenia in 8% of those on ARVs. Elevation of bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and reversed albumin to globulin ratio prior to commencing ARVs, with significantly lower prevalence following use of ARVs emphasized the severity of HIV disease at time of ARV initiation. Clinical adverse reactions were uncommon and included nail discoloration (8%), vomiting (7%), nausea (3%), peripheral lipodystrophy (4%) and abnormal dreams (1%). Ten children required change of ARV medication because of severe adverse effects: three for severe anaemia with repeat blood transfusions, three for severe nevirapine-associated rash and four for indinavir-associated haematuria. CONCLUSIONS: ARVs are being successfully initiated in HIV-infected Jamaican children using the public health model. The excellent safety profile, good tolerance and few reported significant adverse effects augur well as antiretroviral therapy is scaled-up islandwide.


ANTECEDENTES: EL VIH ha sido la principal causa de muerte en los niños jamaicanos de # cinco años de edad. Las drogas antiretrovirales (ARVs) se hallan cada vez más a disposición en Jamaica a través del Fondo Global. Los efectos adversos de los ARVs constituyen una causa fundamental para la no adherencia a los medicamentos. El conocimiento del uso y los efectos colaterales de estos medicamentos son cruciales para el tratamiento de los niños infectados por VIH en la medida en que escalamos el uso de la terapia antiretroviral a lo largo de toda la isla. Evaluamos los eventos adversos y la seguridad de la terapia antiretroviral en niños que asisten a cuatro clínicas de enfermedades infecciosas en Kingston, Jamaica, las cuales constituyen un escenario limitado en recursos. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de niños prospectivamente alistados en el Programa VIH/SIDA Prenatal y Pediátrico de Kingston, Jamaica, durante septiembre de 2002 hasta abril de 2005. RESULTADOS: Entre los 121 niños infectados con VIH, 77 (64%) estaban bajo medicación con ARVs, 90% tenían enfermedades del subgrupo C según la clasificación de CDC, 60% eran varones y predominó la transmisión perinatal. El régimen basado en AZT/3TC fue utilizado en 93%, trimeto-prima/sulfametoxazol se usó en el 100%, y cinco estaban completando medicamentos antituberculosos. La anemia estaba presente en todos los pacientes, con mayor severidad en aquellos bajo ARVs. Se observó macrocitosis en el 83% y trombocitopenia en un 8% de los que se hallaban bajo ARVs. La elevación de los niveles de bilirrubina, aspartato transaminasa (AST) y alanina transaminasa (ALT) y la relación albúmina/globulina invertida antes de comenzar con los ARVs, con una prevalencia significativamente menor tras el uso de los ARVs, enfatizaron la severidad de la enfermedad del VIH al momento de la iniciación del ARV. Las reacciones clínicas adversas fueron poco común e incluyeron decoloración de las uñas (8%), vómitos (7%), náuseas (3%), lipodistrofia periférica (4%) y sueños anormales (1%). Diez de los niños necesitaron cambio de medicación ARV debido a los severos efectos adversos: tres a causa de una anemia severa con repetidas transfusiones de sangre, tres debido a una severa erupción asociada con la nevirapina, y cuatro a causa de hematuria asociada con indinavir. CONCLUSIONES: Los medicamentos ARVs han comenzado a ser administrados exitosamente en niños jamaicanos infectados por el VIH, usando el modelo de salud pública. El excelente perfil de seguridad, la buena tolerancia y el pequeño número de efectos adversos significativos reportados, auguran un buen futuro a la escalada de la terapia antiretroviral en toda la isla.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Antirretrovirais/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Zidovudina/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Proteção da Criança , Jamaica , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico
6.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 246-252, June 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672357

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Documentation regarding the renal complications of paediatric HIV infection from developing countries is scarce. In the era prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-infected children in Jamaica who developed HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) progressed to end stage renal disease (ESRD) and death within a few months of diagnosis. With increased public access to antiretroviral therapy since 2002 and subsequent survival, renal complications are increasingly recognized among the surviving cohort of infected children. METHODS: A cohort of 196 HIV-infected children was followed in four multicentre ambulatory clinics from September 1, 2002 to August 31, 2005 as part of the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme, Jamaica. We describe the clinical presentations and natural history of those patients who developed renal complications. RESULTS: Urinary tract infections were the most common diagnosis, occurring in 16.8% of patients, with a high recurrence rate and the most common organism was Escherichia coli. Four of seven patients who started indinavir developed complications of nephrolithiasis and tubulointerstitial nephropathy. Six patients (3%) fulfilled the criteria for HIVAN, five of whom were male. Median age at diagnosis was five years; all presented with advanced HIV disease, nephrotic syndrome or nephrotic range proteinuria and three with chronic renal failure. Patients received standard medical management and were initiated on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and HAART. While the mortality ratio was 50%, only one death was associated with HIVAN and the median survival time was 3.1 years. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected children present with a variety of renal complications. With improved survival since the introduction of HAART, the incidence of HIVAN is expected to increase among this maturing paediatric cohort. Early detection and treatment will optimize the outcomes for these children.


ANTECEDENTES: La documentación en relación con las complicaciones renales de la infección pediátrica por VIH en países en vías de desarrollo, es escasa. En la era de la terapia antiretroviral pre-altamente activa (TARAA), los niños infectados por VIH en Jamaica que desarrollaron nefropatía asociada con VIH evolucionaron hacia la enfermedad renal en fase terminal (ERFT) y la muerte dentro de pocos meses de hecho el diagnóstico. Con el aumento del acceso público a la terapia antiretroviral a partir de 2002 y la subsiguiente supervivencia, cada vez más las complicaciones renales se observan entre la cohorte sobreviviente de niños infectados. MÉTODOS: A una cohorte de 196 niños infectados con VIH, se le practicó un seguimiento en cuatro clínicas ambulatorios multicentros, desde septiembre 1 de 2002 hasta agosto 31 de 2005, como parte del Programa VIH/SIDA Prenatal y Pediátrico de Kingston, Jamaica. El trabajo describe las presentaciones clínicas y la historia natural de los pacientes que desarrollaron complicaciones renales. RESULTADOS: Las infecciones de las vías urinarias fueron el diagnóstico más común en 16.8% de los pacientes, acompañadas de una alta tasa de recurrencia, y el organismo más común fue el Escherichia coli. Cuatro de siete pacientes que comenzaron tratamiento con indinair, desarrollaron complicaciones de nefrolitiasis y nefropatía tubulointersticial. Seis pacientes (3%), cinco de ellos varones, satisfacían los criterios de NAVIH. La edad promedio al momento del diagnóstico fue de cinco años. Todos representaron con la enfermedad de VIH avanzada, síndrome nefrótico o proteniuria de rango nefrótico, y tres con fallo renal crónico. Los pacientes recibieron tratamiento médico estándar y se iniciaron en el uso de inhibidores de enzimas convertidoras de angiotensina (IECAs) y el TARAA. Si bien la proporción de la mortalidad fue 50%, sólo una muerte estuvo asociada con NAVIH y el tiempo medio de supervivencia fue 3.1 años. CONCLUSIONES: Los niños infectados con VIH se presentaron con una variedad de complicaciones renales. Con el mejoramiento de la supervivencia a partir de la introducción del TARAA, se espera que la incidencia de NAVIH aumente entre la cohorte pediátrica en maduración. La detección precoz y el tratamiento temprano optimizarán los resultados obtenidos con estos niños.


Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Nefrite Intersticial/etiologia , Nefrolitíase/etiologia , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Coortes , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Indinavir/efeitos adversos , Indinavir/uso terapêutico , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Nefrite Intersticial/epidemiologia , Nefrolitíase/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos
7.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 257-264, June 2008. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672359

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinicopathological manifestations and outcomes of a cohort of HIV-infected Jamaican adolescents. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study to determine demographic, clinical, immunological characteristics, antiretroviral uptake and mortality in 94 adolescents aged 10-19 years followed in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme (KPAIDS) between September 2002 and May 2007. Parametric and non-parametric tests are used to compare variables. RESULTS: The median age at initial presentation was 10.0 years (interquartile range (IQR) 7.0-12.0 years), 54.3% (51) were female (p = 0.024), transmission was primarily mother-to-child (70, 73.4%), with 87% (61) of the latter presenting as slow progressors. Sexual transmission accounted for 19.1% and there was significant female predominance (n = 15; p = 0.024). At most recent visit, perinatally infected adolescents were more likely (p < 0.0001) to reside with a non-parent (n = 42) than a biological parent (n = 19) and most had Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) category C (35/50%) disease, whereas the majority of non-perinatally infected children were classified CDC category A. Mean z scores for height-for-age was -1.47 ± 1.21 (n = 77), weight-for-age -1.06 ± 1.44 (n = 80) and BMI-for-age -0.34 ± 1.21 (n = 76) respectively; females (n = 41) were taller than males (n = 36) at their current height (p = 0.031). Lymphadenopathy (82%), dermatitis (72.0%), hepatomegaly (48%) and parotitis (48%) were the most common clinical manifestations, with significant predilection for lymphadenopathy (p # 0.0001), dermatitis (p = 0.010), splenomegaly (p = 0.008), hepatomegaly (p = 0.001) and parotitis (p = 0.007) among perinatally infected children. Median baseline CD4+ cell count was 256.0/µL (IQR 71.0 - 478.0 cells/µL); median most recent CD4+ cell count was 521/µL (IQR 271.0 - 911.0 cells/µL). Seventy-six per cent (n = 71) were initiated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 62 (87.3%) were currently receiving first-line therapy. Six behaviourally infected females became pregnant, resulting in five live births. There were seven deaths (7.4%). CONCLUSIONS: This study comprehensively characterizes HIV infection among perinatally infected teens with predominantly slow-progressor disease and an increasing population of sexually-infected adolescents. As the cohort transitions to adulthood, adolescent developmental, mental health and life planning issues must be emergently addressed.


OBJETIVO: Caracterizar las manifestaciones clínico-patológicas y la evolución clínica de una cohorte de adolescentes jamaicanos infectados por el VIH. MÉTODOS: El presente es un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con el fin de determinar las características demográficas, clínicas, inmunológicas, así como el consumo de antiretrovirales y la mortalidad en 94 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años de edad, llevado a cabo como parte del Programa VIH/SIDA perinatal y pediátrico de Kingston (KPAIDS) entre septiembre de 2002 y mayo de 2007. Se usan pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas para comparar las variables. RESULTADOS: La edad mediana en la presentación inicial fue 10.0 años (rango intercuartil (IQR) 7.0-12.0 años), 54.3% (51) eran hembras (p = 0.024), la transmisión fue fundamentalmente de madre a hijo (70, 73.4%), presentándose el 87% (61) de los últimos como progresores lentos. La transmisión sexual representó el 19.1% y hubo un predominio significativo de las hembras (n = 15; p = 0.024). En la visita más reciente, los adolescentes infectados perinatalmente presentaron una mayor probabilidad (p < 0.0001) de residir con personas distintas de sus padres (n = 42) que con un progenitor biológico (n = 19), y la mayor parte tenía la enfermedad categoría C (35/50%) de acuerdo con los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de las Enfermedades (CCPE), mientras que la mayoría de los niños infectados no perinatalmente fueron clasificados con la categoría A del CCE. Las puntuaciones z medias para altura por edad fue - 1.47 ± 1.21 (n = 77), peso por edad -1.06 ± 1.44 (n = 80), y el IMC por edad -0.34 ± 1.21 (n = 76) respectivamente; las hembras (n = 41) fueron más altas que los varones (n = 36) en altura corriente (p = 0.031). La linfadenopatía (82%), la dermatitis (72.0%), la hepato-megalia (48%) y la parotitis (48%) fueron las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes, con predilección significativa de la linfadenopatía (p # 0.0001), la dermatitis (p = 0.010), la esplenomegalia (p = 0.008), la hepatomegalia (p = 0.001) y la parotitis (p = 0.007) entre los niños perinatalmente infectados. La mediana de la línea de base del conteo celular CD4+ fue 256.0/µL (IQR 71.0 - 478.0 células/µL); la mediana del conteo celular CD4+ más reciente fue 521 /µL (IQR 271.0 - 911.0 células/µL). El setenta y seis por ciento (n = 71) fueron iniciadas con terapia antiretroviral altamente activa (TARAA) y 62 (87.3%) estuvieron corrientemente recibiendo terapia de primera línea. Seis hembras infectadas conductualmente fueron embarazadas, produciéndose como resultado cinco nacimientos. Hubo siete muertes (7.4%). CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio presenta una caracterización integral de la infección por VIH entre adolescentes infectados perinatalmente predominantemente con la enfermedad de progresores lentos, y una población creciente de adolescentes infectados sexualmente. En la medida en que la cohorte transita a la adultez, el desarrollo del adolescente, la salud mental y los problemas de la planificación de la vida tienen que ser abordados con urgencia.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/patologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/patologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/psicologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Virais Sexualmente Transmissíveis/psicologia
8.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 265-268, June 2008. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672360

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Paediatric HIV is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We describe HIV-related mortality in a cohort of HIV-infected Jamaican children and identified factors which influenced survival. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted for the period March 2003 - December 2005 at Cornwall Regional Hospital, Montego Bay, Jamaica. We summarized demographic and clinical data of deceased and living perinatally HIV-infected children and identified factors that influenced survival of rapid and slow progressors. Rapid progressors are HIV-infected children identified clinically before age 2 years and slow progressors after age 2 years. RESULTS: There were 9 (18%) HIV/AIDS-related deaths among 50 HIV-infected children of whom 23 (46%) were males and 21(43%) were AIDS orphans. Five children (10%) received ARV prophylaxis, 31 (62%) were breastfed and 39 (78%) received HAART. Surviving children displayed primarily non-AIDS defining illnesses (pneumonia and sepsis) but there was no difference in AIDS-defining illnesses among living and deceased children. The median age at diagnosis was 26 months (range 3-121; IQR 10,54). The median age at death was 30 months (range 7-122 months; IQR 17,118). Both surviving and deceased children presented with primarily moderate symptoms at diagnosis (21, 42%) and death (7, 78%). In rapid progressors, 19 of 20 (95%) on HAART remained alive and all 4 (100%) who did not receive HAART died. The mortality rate in children on HAART was 30.78 per 100 person years and 48 per 100 person years in children not receiving HAART. CONCLUSIONS: HAART is the only factor identified which prolonged survival for HIV-infected children who are rapid progressors, have AIDS-defining illnesses and are orphans.


OBJETIVO: El VIH pediátrico es la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. El presente trabajo describe la mortalidad relacionada con el VIH en una cohorte de niños jamaicanos infectados por el VIH y factores identificados que influyeron en la supervivencia. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo para el período de marzo de 2003 a diciembre 2005 en el Hospital Regional Cornwall, de Montego Bay, Jamaica. Resumimos los datos clínicos y demográficos de los niños infectados por el VIH, tanto de los fallecidos como de los vivos, e identificamos los factores que influyeron en la supervivencia de progresores rápidos y lentos. Los progresores rápidos son niños infectados por el VIH identificados clínicamente antes de los dos años de edad y los preopresores lentos son aquellos identificados después de los dos años de edad. RESULTADOS: Hubo 9 (18%) muertes relacionadas con el VIH/SIDA entre 50 niños infectados por el VIH, de los cuales 23 (46%) eran varones y 21(43%) eran huérfanos del SIDA. Cinco niños (10%) recibieron profilaxis ARV, 31(62%) fueron amamantados y 39 (78%) recibieron TARAA. Los niños sobrevivientes mostraron enfermedades primariamente no definitorias de SIDA (neumonía y sepsis), pero no hubo diferencia en las enfermedades definitorias del SIDA entre los niños vivos y los fallecidos. La edad mediana al momento del diagnóstico fue de 26 meses ( rango 3-121; IQR 10, 54). La edad mediana al momento de la muerte fue de 30 meses (rango 7-122 meses; IQR 17 118). Tanto los niños sobrevivientes como los fallecidos presentaron síntomas primariamente moderados en el momento del diagnóstico (21 para un 42%) y la muerte (7 para un 78%). En los progresores rápidos, 19 de 20 (95%) bajo TARAA continuaron vivos y el total de los 4 (100%) que no recibieron TARAA murieron. La tasa de mortalidad en los niños bajo TARAA fue de 30.78 por cada 100 años-persona y 48 por 100 años-persona en niños que recibieron TARAA. CONCLUSIONES: TARAA es el único factor identificado que prolongó la supervivencia de los niños infectados con el VIH que eran rápidos progresores, tenían enfermedades definitorias del SIDA y eran huérfanos.


Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Progressão da Doença , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida
9.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 269-273, June 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672361

RESUMO

ISSUES: Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is a critical issue impacting HIV disease management from a national and global perspective. In Jamaica (population 2.6 million), 2% of women in antenatal clinics are HIV-positive and mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) accounted for 7% of all reported cases in 2002. Notwithstanding this, VCT was ad hoc and not standardized. In 2003, a structured VCT programme was developed islandwide with over 300 VCT service providers and 16 qualified trainers. DESCRIPTION: We describe the challenges and successes of VCT provided by five trained research nurses in the Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme in Kingston which services 19 000 pregnant women per year in three major maternity centres and their 42 feeder antenatal clinics. LESSONS LEARNED: The VCT model used was group education, opt-out individual testing, individual post-test counselling for seropositives and informing seronegatives of their negative status. Major challenges encountered included lack of quality control of the counselling process and lost opportunities for un-booked women who presented in labour. However, successes enjoyed included client assessment of risk behaviours with appropriate lifestyle changes, increased uptake of HIV testing and adherence to care for themselves and their infants, as well as reduction in stigma. RECOMMENDATIONS: VCT has proven to be an important intervention that enabled improvement in the awareness, prevention and control of HIV in Jamaican pregnant women. Nurses who are appropriately trained in VCT can play a pivotal role in successful provision of VCT services.


CUESTIONES: El asesoramiento y pruebas voluntarios (APV) constituye una cuestión crítica cuyo impacto sobre el tratamiento de la enfermedad por VIH reviste importancia nacional y global. En Jamaica (con una población de 2.6 millones) 2% de las mujeres en las clínicas de atención prenatal son VIH positivas y la transmisión madre a hijo (TMAH) representa el 7% de todos los casos reportados en 2002. A pesar de ello, el APV fue practicado ad hoc y de manera no estandarizada. En el año 2003, se desarrolló un programa de APV a lo largo de toda la isla, con más de 300 proveedores de servicio y 16 entrenadores calificados. DESCRIPCIÓN: El presente trabajo describe los retos y éxitos del APV ofrecido por cinco enfermeras entrenadas en investigación, en el Programa Perinatal VIH/SIDA en Kingston, el cual ofrece servicios a 19 000 mujeres embarazadas por año en tres centros principales de maternidad y sus 42 clínicas prenatales asociadas. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS: El modelo APV usado fue educación grupal, pruebas individuales con opción a negarse ("opt-out"), aconsejamiento individual posterior a la prueba para seropositivos e información a los seronegativos de su estatus negativo. Los mayores desafíos encontrados incluyeron falta de control de la calidad de los procesos de asesoramiento y pérdida de oportunidades para las mujeres no registradas que se presentaron estando ya de parto. Sin embargo, los éxitos alcanzados incluyeron el asesoramiento de los clientes con respecto a los comportamientos de riesgo con cambios apropiados de estilos de vida, aumento de la toma de pruebas de VIH y la adhesión a encuitar de sí mismos y sus niños, así como la reducción del estigma. RECOMENDACIONES: El APV ha demostrado ser una importante forma de intervención que hace posible mejorar la conciencia, prevención y control del VIH en las mujeres jamaicanas embarazadas. Las enfermeras que están propiamente entrenadas en APV pueden desempeñar un papel cardinal en el ofrecimiento exitoso de servicios de APV.


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Aconselhamento Diretivo , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Educação em Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Satisfação do Paciente , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Psicoterapia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Assunção de Riscos , Estresse Psicológico
10.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 287-292, June 2008. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672364

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Approximately 25% of the cumulative AIDS cases in Jamaica involve adolescents and young adults. However, the lives of adolescents living with HIV within Jamaica and the Caribbean have been understudied. OBJECTIVES: (1) To describe the sociodemographic characteristics of HIV+ Jamaican adolescents who have ever been a part of the Kingston Paediatric/Perinatal HIV Programme (KPAIDS) from September 1, 2002 to August 31, 2006 (2). To identify predictors of HIV/AIDS confirmation as well as factors associated or uniquely present in these adolescents by their guardian status. METHODS: Seventy-two HIV+ adolescents, ages 10-19 years, were included. Factors studied included demographics as well as time to and time between HIV and AIDS confirmation. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS: The mean age of the adolescents was 12.6 ± 2.8 years with slightly more males (52.8%) in the programme. There were equal proportions of adolescents living with HIV as with AIDS (43.1%). There were equal proportions who were lost to follow-up or deceased (8.3%). Twenty-two of them lived with parents, 25 with guardians and 18 in residential institutions. The primary mode of transmission was perinatal infection (68.1%), followed by sexual (20.8%), blood transfusion (2.9%) and unknown (8.3%). The mean time from HIV exposure to HIV confirmation and AIDS confirmation in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) cases were 8.0 ± 2.9 years and 9.6 ± 3.3 years, respectively. In the multivariate analysis model, age and gender were significant in predicting time from HIV exposure to HIV confirmation. CONCLUSION: The majority of HIV-positive adolescents reside with parents and guardians and this might indicate support in spite of stigma and discrimination. However, the mean time to HIV confirmation in MTCT cases is quite long and must be reduced.


ANTECEDENTES: Aproximadamente el 25% de los casos cumulativos de SIDA en Jamaica comprenden adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Sin embargo, las vidas de los adolescentes que viven con VIH en Jamaica y el Caribe no ha recibido suficiente estudio. OBJETIVOS: (1) Describir las características socio-demográficas de los adolescentes jamaicanos VIH+ que hayan sido alguna vez parte del Programa Pediátrico/Prenatal de Kingston contra el SIDA (KPAIDS) desde septiembre 1 de 2002 a agosto 31 de 2006. (2). Identificar los predictores de la confirmación del VIH/SIDA así como los factores asociados o presentes de forma única en estos adolescentes con respecto a su estatus de tutoría. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron setenta y dos adolescentes VIH+, con edades de 10 a 19 años. Los factores estudiados comprendieron los datos demográficos así como el tiempo hasta la confirmación de VIH y el SIDA, así como el tiempo entre la confirmación de ambos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadísticas divariadas y multivariadas. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los adolescentes fue 12.6 ± 2.8 años siendo el número de varones ligeramente mayor (52.8%) en el programa. Las proporciones de adolescentes viviendo con VIH fueron iguales a las de los adolescentes viviendo con SIDA (43.1%). Hubo iguales proporciones perdidas al seguimiento o fallecidas (8.3%). Veintidós de ellos vivían con sus padres, 25 con tutores, y 18 en instituciones residenciales. El modo primario de transmisión fue la infección perinatal (68.1%), seguida por la sexual (20.8%), la transfusión de sangre (2.9%), y otros desconocidos (8.3%). Los tiempos medios desde la exposición al VIH hasta la confirmación de VIH y la confirmación del SIDA en los casos de transmisión madre a hijo (TMAH) fueron 8.0 ± 2.9 años y 9.6 ± 3.3 años, respectivamente. En el modelo de análisis multivariado, la edad y el género fueron significativos a la hora de predecir el tiempo desde la exposición al VIH hasta la confirmación del VIH. CONCLUSIÓN: La mayor parte de los adolescentes VIH positivos residen con sus padres y tutores y esto podría ser un índice de apoyo a pesar del estigma y la discriminación. Sin embargo, el tiempo medio hasta la confirmación del VIH en los casos de TMAH es bien largo y tiene que ser reducido.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Tutores Legais/psicologia , Pais/psicologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Tutores Legais/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise Multivariada , Relações Pais-Filho , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/mortalidade , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Apoio Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Análise de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo
11.
West Indian med. j ; 57(3): 302-306, June 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-672367

RESUMO

The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a recognized complication associated with opportunistic infections occurring in HIV-infected individuals after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We report on three HIV-infected infants with rapid progressor HIV disease who present with IRIS due to the BCG vaccine and occurring 3-6 weeks after initiation of HAART.


El síndrome inflamatorio de la reconstitución inmune (SIRI) es una complicación reconocida asociada con infecciones oportunistas que ocurren en individuos infectados por el VIH, luego de su iniciación en la terapia antiretroviral altamente activa (TARAA). Se reporta el caso de tres infantes infectados por VIH con enfermedad VIH de progresión rápida, que se presentan con SIRI debido a la vacuna BCG, 3-6 semanas después de la iniciación de TARAA.


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Vacina BCG/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/induzido quimicamente , Linfadenite/induzido quimicamente , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Antirretrovirais/efeitos adversos , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Vacina BCG/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/etiologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Jamaica , Linfadenite/microbiologia
12.
West Indian med. j ; 53(5): 327-331, Oct. 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-410236

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Nursing care has been the [quot]grass roots[quot] of healthcare management even before nursing became a profession. Literature on the nursing experience with HIV is minimal and so it is challenging to comment on, or to compare experiences. PURPOSE: This paper highlights the nursing interventions as a key feature in the ongoing development and success of a prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (pMTCT) programme in a resource-limited setting. METHOD: In the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme, the nurses and midwives were carefully selected and then trained in the management of preventing mother-to-child transmission (pMTCT) of HIV/AIDS, voluntary counselling and testing and the identification and nursing management of paediatric and perinatal HIV/AIDS. The sites of the programme included three large maternity centres and four paediatric centres, with several feeder clinics for pregnant women. A nurse coordinator supervised the interventions at each site. A multidisciplinary team followed protocol-driven management for the care of pregnant HIV-positive women and children. There was strong collaboration with the Jamaican government and other agencies. RESULTS: The nursing interventions served to: sensitize and encourage other healthcare workers in the care of persons living with HIV/AIDS; sensitize persons in the community about the disease; improve the comfort level of women and families with accessing healthcare; enable prospective data collection for programme assessment and research purposes and to enhance multidisciplinary collaboration to widen the scope of patient care and prevent duplication of healthcare services. CONCLUSION: Nursing intervention is a vital part of a pMTCT HIV programme; however, ongoing education and training of the entire healthcare team needs to be continued in order to strengthen the programme. It is hoped that much of what is done in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme will become integrated in the nursing management of maternal and child health nationally


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/enfermagem , Enfermagem Pediátrica , Infecções por HIV/enfermagem , Processo de Enfermagem , Tocologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Jamaica , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/enfermagem , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/transmissão
13.
West Indian med. j ; 53(5): 315-321, Oct. 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-410238

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To document the frequency of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-defined clinical conditions, opportunistic and co-infections among children with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: This prospective, observational study reports the findings of 110 HIV-infected children followed in multicentre ambulatory clinics during September 1, 2002, to August 31, 2003, from the 239 children enrolled in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme, Jamaica. We describe the clinico-pathologic characteristics of these children with HIV/AIDS, using the CDC criteria. RESULTS: The client distribution by clinic site was as follows: the University Hospital of the West Indies, 71 (64.6), Bustamante Hospital for Children, 23 (20.9), Comprehensive Health Centre 13 (11.8/) and Spanish Town Hospital, 3 (2.7). The median age of the 110 children with HIV/AIDS was 6.0 years (range 0.9-17.5). Mode of transmission was primarily mother-to-child (88.0) and only 4 maternal/infant pairs received antiretroviralprophylaxis. Grouped by CDC category: 17 (15.4) were asymptomatic (N), 22 (20.0) mildly symptomatic (A), 30 (27.3) moderately symptomatic (B) and 41 (37.3) severely symptomatic (C). The most common CDC-defining symptoms were lymphadenopathy (12, 42.8) and asymptomatic (6, 21.4) in category N; lymphadenopathy (30, 29.7), dermatitis (20, 19.8) and persistent or recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (20, 19.8) in category A; bacterial sepsis (18, 34.6) and recurrent diarrhoea (11, 21.2) in category B; and wasting (28, 30.0), encephalopathy (26, 27.9), and serious bacterial infections (15, 16.1) in category C; Pulmonary tuberculosis (7, 7.5) and Pneumocystis (jiroveci) carinii pneumonia; (5, 5.4) were the most frequent opportunistic infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae (10, 30.3) was the most common invasive bacterial pathogen causing sepsis and Escherichia coli (14, 34.2) was the most common bacterial pathogen causing urinary tract infections, among the cohort. Thirty-three per cent commenced antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). There were 57 hospitalizations and five deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The study is an important step toward documentation of the natural history of paediatric HIV/AIDS in a primarily ARV-naive population from a developing country. It promotes training in paediatric HIV management as we move toward affordable access to antiretroviral agents in the wider Caribbean and the implementation of clinical trials


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Progressão da Doença , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Estados Unidos , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/patologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/transmissão
14.
West Indian med. j ; 53(5): 308-314, Oct. 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-410239

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In a few Caribbean islands, prevention of mother-to-child transmission (pMTCT) of HIV with zidovudine prophylaxis has reduced transmission rates from 27 - 44 to 5.5 - 9 . OBJECTIVES: To highlight the uptake of interventions, preliminary outcomes and challenges in caring for HIV-exposed infants in a pMTCT HIVprogramme in a resource-limited setting. METHOD: A cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women were identified at the leading maternity centres in Greater Kingston through HIV counselling and testing and enrolled in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme. Antiretroviralprophylaxis with zidovudine or nevirapine was given to the HIV-positive women and their newborns along with formula feeding. Some infants were enrolled retrospectively and followed irrespective of whether they had or had not received antiretroviral prophylaxis. A multidisciplinary team at the paediatric centres supervised protocol-driven management of the infants. Infants were followed for clinical progress and definitive HIV-infection status was to be confirmed at 18 months of age by ELISA or the Determine Rapid Test. RESULTS: During September 1, 2002 through August 31, 2003, 132 HIV-exposed infants were identified. For those infants prospectively enrolled (78), 97 received antiretroviral prophylaxis and 90 were not breastfed For all HIV-exposed children, 90 received cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and 88 continued follow-up care. Ninety-two per cent of all the infants remained asymptomatic and five died; of these deaths one is possibly HIV-related (severe sepsis at 11 weeks). This infant was retrospectively identified, had received no antiretroviral prophylaxis and was breastfed The main programme challenges, which were overcome, included the impact of stigma, compliance with antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis, breast-milk substitution and follow-up care. Financial constraints and laboratory quality assurance issues limited early diagnosis of HIV infection. CONCLUSION: Despite the challenges, the expected outcome is to prevent 50 new cases of HIV/AIDS in children living in Greater Kingston per year (300 over six years)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Antibioticoprofilaxia , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Cuidado do Lactente , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Nevirapina/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Jamaica/epidemiologia
15.
West Indian med. j ; 53(5): 303-307, Oct. 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-410240

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In the face of the continuing pandemic of HIV/AIDS, the burden of the disease is now largest in the resource-poor developing world. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has listed the adult prevalence rate for the Caribbean as second only to Sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE: To document the socio-demographic characteristics of paediatric and perinatal HIV/AIDS in Kingston, Jamaica. METHODS: A cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women were identified at the leading maternity centres in Kingston and St Catherine and were enrolled in the Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV/AIDS Programme. Infants born to mothers within the programme were prospectively enrolled. Infants and children identified after delivery, whether HIV-exposed or infected, were also enrolled (retrospective group). All were followed according to standardized protocols. RESULTS: We report on a total of 239 children, 78 (prospective group) and 161 (retrospective group). Among the retrospective group, 68 were classified as infected. For the prospective group, the patients were recruited within twenty-four hours of birth in 98.7 of cases, whereas in the retrospective group, the median age of recruitment was 2.6 years. The median age of the mother was 27 years and that of the father was 33 years. There were seven teenage mothers. Twenty-six per cent of the children were in institutional care. Family size ranged from one to nine children--the median was two children. For those parents where occupation was reported, the majority held semi-skilled or unskilled jobs. Patients attended their regional clinics. CONCLUSION: HIV/AIDS represents a significant human and financial burden on a developing country such as Jamaica and this underscores the need for urgent and sustained interventions to stem the epidemic


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Classe Social , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Soropositividade para HIV/epidemiologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Progressão da Doença , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de Risco , Incidência , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Prevalência
16.
West Indian med. j ; 53(5): 297-302, Oct. 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-410241

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The seroprevalence of HIV among pregnant women in the Caribbean is 2-3 and increasing. The Kingston Paediatric and Perinatal HIV Programme is developing and implementing a unified programme to eliminate mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV in Kingston, Jamaica. METHODS: Pregnant women presenting to Kingston Metropolitan Antenatal Clinics, Victoria Jubilee Hospital, Spanish Town Hospital and the University Hospital of the West Indies had HIV serology performed by ELISA, or by the new Determine Rapid Test after receiving group counselling. HIV-positive women were referred to High Risk Antenatal Clinics. Antiretroviral prophylaxis with zidovudine (AZT), or nevirapine was given. Care was administered using a standard protocol by a multi-disciplinary team of public and academic healthcare personnel. RESULTS: In year one, 19,414 women delivered Among 14,054 women who started antenatal care for this period, 5,558 (40) received group counselling and 7,383 (53) received HIV-testing. During the fourth quarter of follow-up, these comparative rates were 66 (2049/3 118) and 72 (2260/3118) respectively. HIV seroprevalence overall was 2.1 (152/7 383). One hundred and seven HIV+ women at varying gestational ages were identified in the programme, 72 had so far received AZT and nine nevirapine (76). 0f 84 deliveries, birth outcomes were 75 live births (89), six neonatal deaths and four maternal deaths (all from HIV/AIDS). Major challenges include repeat pregnancies of 36 despite prior knowledge of HIV seropositivity and poor partner notification with only 30 (32) having a HIV-test. Although rates of HIV testing in pregnant women in Greater Kingston are increasing, rates of testing overall remain sub-optimal. On the labour ward, there was sub-optimal identification of the HIV+ pregnant woman and administration of AZT chemoprophylaxis, along with issues of patient confidentiality and stigma. CONCLUSION: This programme needs strengthening in order to reduce maternal-fetal transmission of HIV in Greater Kingston, Jamaica [quot]pMTCT-PLUS, or comprehensive family-centred care, is the next step[quot]


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adolescente , Adulto , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Soroprevalência de HIV , Assistência Perinatal , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Nevirapina/administração & dosagem , Resultado da Gravidez , Soropositividade para HIV , Zidovudina/administração & dosagem
17.
Rio de Janeiro; Revinter;Santos; 1999. 330 p. ilus.
Monografia em Português | LILACS, HSPM-Acervo | ID: lil-669836
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