Promoting Appropriate Management of Diarrhea: A Systematic Review of Literature for Advocacy and Action: UNICEF-PHFI Series on Newborn and Child Health, India.

Background: Scaling up of evidence-based management and prevention of childhood diarrhea is a public health priority in India, and necessitates robust literature review, for advocacy and action. Objective: To identify, synthesize and summarize current evidence to guide scaling up of management of diarrhea among under-five children in India, and identify existing knowledge gaps. Methods: A set of questions pertaining to the management (prevention, treatment, and control) of childhood diarrhea was identified through a consultative process. A modified systematic review process developed a priori was used to identify, synthesize and summarize, research evidence and operational information, pertaining to the problem in India. Areas with limited or no evidence were identified as knowledge gaps. Results: Childhood diarrhea is a significant public health problem in India; the point (two-weeks) prevalence is 9-20%. Diarrhea accounts for 14% of the total deaths in under-five children in India. Infants aged 6-24 months are at the highest risk of diarrhea. There is a lack of robust nation-wide data on etiology; rotavirus and diarrheogenic E.coli are the most common organisms identified. The current National Guidelines are sufficient for case-management of childhood diarrhea. Exclusive breastfeeding, handwashing and point-of-use water treatment are effective strategies for prevention of all-cause diarrhea; rotavirus vaccines are efficacious to prevent rotavirus specific diarrhea. ORS and zinc are the mainstay of management during an episode of childhood diarrhea but have low coverage in India due to policy and programmatic barriers, whereas indiscriminate use of antibiotics and other drugs is common. Zinc therapy given during diarrhea can be upscaled through existing infrastructure is introducing the training component and information, education and communication activities. Conclusion: This systematic review summarizes current evidence on childhood diarrhea and provides evidence to inform child health programs in India.

Community Based Newborn Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Evidence: UNICEF-PHFI Series on Newborn and Child Health, India.

Background: The neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in India has remained virtually unchanged in the last 5 years. To achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 on child mortality (two thirds reduction from 1990 to 2015), it is essential to reduce NMR. A systematic review of the evidence on community-based intervention packages to reduce NMR is essential for advocacy and action to reach MDG-4. Objective: To assess the effect of community based neonatal care by community health workers (CHWs) on NMR in resource-limited settings. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Data sources: Electronic databases and hand search of reviews, and abstracts and proceedings of conferences. Results: A total of 13 controlled trials involving about 192000 births were included in this systematic review. Community based neonatal care by CHWs was associated with reduced neonatal mortality in resource-limited settings [RR=0.73 (0.65 to 0.83); P<0.0001]. The identified studies were a heterogeneous mix with respect to the extent and quality of community based neonatal care provided and the characteristics of the CHWs delivering the intervention. There was no consistent effect of training duration of the health workers, type of intervention (home visitation versus community participatory action and learning), number of home visits done by CHWs, and provision of only preventive versus both preventive and therapeutic care. Limited data suggests that the ideal time for the first postnatal visit is the first two days of life. The interventions are highly effective when baseline NMR is above 50/1000 live births [RR=0.64(0.54 to 0.77)]. The interventions show a significant decrease in efficacy as the NMR drops below 50/1000 live births [RR=0.85 (0.73 to 0.99)], however is still substantial. NMR gains from home visitation approach are going to materialize only in the presence of high program coverage of 50% or more. Conclusion: A significant decrease in NMR is possible by providing community based neonatal care in areas with high NMR by community health workers with a modest training duration and ensuring high program coverage with home visitation on the first two days of life.

Acute Respiratory Infection and Pneumonia in India: A Systematic Review of Literature for Advocacy and Action: UNICEF-PHFI Series on Newborn and Child Health, India.

Background: Scaling up of evidence-based management of childhood acute respiratory infection/pneumonia, is a public health priority in India, and necessitates robust literature review, for advocacy and action. Objective: To identify, synthesize and summarize current evidence to guide scaling up of management of childhood acute respiratory infection/pneumonia in India, and identify existing knowledge gaps. Methods: A set of ten questions pertaining to the management (prevention, treatment, and control) of childhood ARI/ pneumonia was identified through a consultative process. A modified systematic review process developed a priori was used to identify, synthesize and summarize, research evidence and operational information, pertaining to the problem in India. Areas with limited or no evidence were identified as knowledge gaps. Results: Childhood ARI/pneumonia is a significant public health problem in India, although robust epidemiological data is not available on its incidence. Mortality due to pneumonia accounts for approximately one-fourth of the total deaths in under five children, in India. Pneumonia affects children irrespective of socioeconomic status; with higher risk among young infants, malnourished children, non-exclusively breastfed children and those with exposure to solid fuel use. There is lack of robust nation-wide data on etiology; bacteria (including Pneumococcus, H. influenzae, S. aureus and Gram negative bacilli), viruses (especially RSV) and Mycoplasma, are the common organisms identified. In-vitro resistance to cotrimoxazole is high. Wheezing is commonly associated with ARI/pneumonia in children, but difficult to appreciate without auscultation. The current WHO guidelines as modified by IndiaCLEN Task force on Penumonia (2010), are sufficient for case-management of childhood pneumonia. Other important interventions to prevent mortality are oxygen therapy for those with severe or very severe pneumonia and measles vaccination for all infants. There is insufficient evidence for protective or curative effect of vitamin A; zinc supplementation could be beneficial to prevent pneumonia, although it has no therapeutic benefit. There is insufficient evidence on potential effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Hib and Pneumococcal vaccines on reduction of ARI specific mortality. Case-finding and community-based management are effective management strategies, but have low coverage in India due to policy and programmatic barriers. There is a significant gap in the utilization of existing services, provider practices as well as family practices in seeking care. Conclusion: The systematic review summarizes current evidence on childhood ARI and pneumonia management and provides evidence to inform child health programs in India.

UNICEF-PHFI Series on Newborn and Child Health, India: Methodology for Systematic Reviews on Child Health Priorities for Advocacy and Action.

India is committed to reducing childhood mortality and morbidity. This requires evidence-based policy and practice in the realm of public health. This in turn necessitates advocacy and action (among all stakeholders), focused on locally relevant issues. A collaboration to work towards this goal was forged between the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), India; and a team of independent researchers. As a first step, a systematic review of literature on four priority areas of newborn care (community-based interventions) and child health (acute respiratory infection, diarrheal disease, anemia), was undertaken to address important issues including epidemiology, interventions for management, and operational issues of planning, implementing, and measuring actions at a programmatic level. This paper describes the development of the methodology for undertaking these systematic reviews including the process for framing of research questions, building a research team, and executing the systematic review (literature search strategy, data extraction, analysis, and reporting). The challenges associated with ensuring robust methodology, are also described.