Assessing engagement of scheduled tribe communities in the functioning of Village Health Sanitation & Nutrition Committees in India

India is home to the largest population of indigenous tribes in the world. Despite initiative of the National Rural Health Mission, now National Health Mission (NHM) and various tribal development programmes since India’s Independence, disparity in healthcare for Scheduled Tribes (STs) prevails. The constitution of Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs) in 2007 by the NHM is a step towards decentralized planning and community engagement to improve health, nutrition and sanitation services. VHSNCs are now present in almost all States of the country. However, several reports including the 12th Common Review Mission report have highlighted that these committees are not uniformly following guidelines and lack clarity about their mandates, with no clear visibility of their functioning in tribal areas. Therefore, this review was conducted to assess the participation of the VHSNCs in tribal dominated States in order to know in detail about their functioning and gaps if any that require intervention. Several deviations from the existing guidelines of NHM were identified and we concluded that in order to sustain and perform well, VHSNCs not only require, mobilization and strict monitoring but also motivation and willingness of its members to bring in a radical change at the grassroot level. With continuous supervision and support from both the Government and various non- governmental organizations, handholding, strategic deployment of workforce, community participation and sustained financial support, VHSNCs would be able to facilitate delivery of better healthcare to the indigenous population

A systematic review on hydroxyurea therapy for sickle cell disease in India

Background & objectives: Sickle cell disease (SCD) constitutes frequently inherited haemoglobin disorders and poses a significant health burden in India. Hydroxyurea (HU), the most commonly used drug, has shown promising results in the clinical management of SCD. The present systematic review was undertaken to assess the efficacy and toxicity of HU in Indian sickle cell patients. Methods: A systematic review of studies on HU therapy was conducted to identify the application of HU and its outcome(s) across India. PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library was used as data sources for various studies on the efficacy and toxicity of HU therapy for treatment for SCD in India published between January 2001 and October 2021. Two authors independently extracted the data on study design, patient characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of HU in order to determine the study quality of the present review. Results: Overall, 14 studies were included for a systematic analysis. Of these 11 were prospective, two cross-sectional and one double-blind randomized controlled trial. Low-dose HU (10 mg/kg/day) was found to reduce the rates of vaso-occlusive crisis and hospitalization as well as decreased the requirement of blood transfusion in SCD patients. The foetal haemoglobin (HbF) level was recorded in 13 (80%) studies all of whom reported an elevation in the HbF levels, with a mean increase in per cent HbF from 15.8 to 21.4 per cent across studies. The common adverse events were reversible, mild-to-moderate cytopenia and anaemia. Interpretation & conclusions: The findings of the present review suggest that there is still insufficient information presently to determine the long-term or major adverse effects on organ damage, fertility as well as pregnancy on the use of HU therapy for SCD. Long-term multi-centric studies are thus required to address these problems.

Ewing’s Sarcoma of Zygomatic Bone.

Ewing’s sarcoma is an uncommon malignancy usually arising from the skeletal system particularly pelvic bones and long bones of lower extremities and mostly affecting children and young adults. Its occurrence in the maxillofacial region with soft tissue involvement is struck with rarity. It carries a poor prognosis due to its uncontrolled potential for metastatic spread; therefore an early and integrated treatment approach must be adopted to improve patient’s long term survival.

Ectopic Thyroid Tissue Co-Existing with a Eutopic Thyroid.

Ectopic thyroid tissue, a developmental defect of thyroid gland, is met with rarity in day to day clinical practice. The diagnosis of ectopic thyroid demands a meticulous clinical examination and use of different imaging modalities. We are here reporting a case which presented as an anterior neck swelling, moving with deglutition, and also on and off dysphagia. After necessary investigations she underwent surgery and then the diagnosis of ectopic thyroid was made which was later confirmed with biopsy report which was suggestive of lymphocytic thyroiditis.

Primary Nasopharyngeal Tuberculosis.

Tuberculous infection of the upper respiratory tract is an uncommon clinical condition and in that nasopharyngeal involvement is struck with rarity per se. This condition is often prevalent in people of low socioeconomic strata living in endemic areas, especially in developing countries. It has a silent and indolent course and most commonly mimicks nasopharyngeal carcinoma in its clinical presentation. In absence of concurrent pulmonary involvement, it is often misdiagnosed or diagnosed only after the biopsy has been taken. Nevertheless, high index of suspicion is required on part of the clinician to diagnose this comparatively rare entity.

Endoscopic Repair of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhoea Via Paraseptal Approach.

CSF rhinorrhoea poses a significant challenge even to most astute and experienced surgeons in its accurate localization and management. The diagnosis of CSF leak is ascertained on proper history, neurologic and otorhinolaryngologic examination, laboratory tests and endoscopic findings supplanted by appropriate radiologic studies. The exact visualization and atraumatic surgical technique using endoscope provides better lighting with magnified view, even in lateral recesses giving an edge over other techniques, thus enhancing the surgical outcome.

Tuberculous Otitis Media.

Considerable variation exists between the clinical presentation of tuberculous otitis media (TOM) seen nowadays and what was described earlier. Confusing clinical picture and subsequent delay in diagnosis of TOM permits it to progress unhindered and results in permanent disabling conditions like facial paralysis and profound hearing loss. Hence an early diagnosis of TOM and timely commencement of appropriate therapy remains a challenging task. A high index of suspicion is required on part of the clinician to diagnose this fabled entity.