Antioxidant and hepatoprotective action of Asparagus racemosus Willd. root extracts.

The antioxidant activities of the crude hydro-alcoholic extract (CE) and its four fractions viz. methanol (MF), ethyl acetate (EF), n-Butanol (BF), and precipitated aqueous (PAF) of A.racemosus roots tested decreased in the order of EF > MF > CE > BF > PAF when investigated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Under iron induced lipid peroxidation almost similar results were observed except that the activity was more in PAF than BF. Hepatoprotective activity of the extracts was also demonstrable in vivo by the inhibition of–CCl4 induced formation of lipid peroxides in the liver of rats by pretreatment with the extracts. CCl4–induced hepatotoxicity in rats, as judged by the raised serum enzymes viz. glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total and direct bilirubin as well as oxidant enzyme viz. malon dialdehyde were prevented, while antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase were elevated by pretreatment with the extracts, demonstrating the potent hepatoprotective action of the roots of A. racemosus.

The first international leprosy conference, Berlin, 1897: the politics of segregation.

The present paper examines the first attempts to internationalise the problem of leprosy, a subject hitherto overlooked by historians of imperialism and disease. The last decade of the nineteenth century saw many in the civilised countries of the imperialist West gripped by a paranoia about an invasion of leprosy via germ-laden immigrants and returning expatriates who had acquired the infection in leprosy endemic colonial possessions. Such alarmists clamoured for the adoption of vigorous leper segregation policies in such colonies. But the contagiousness of leprosy did not go unquestioned by other westerners. The convocation in Berlin of the first international meeting on leprosy revealed the interplay of differing and sometimes incompatible views about the containment of leprosy by segregation. The roles of officials from several countries, as well as the roles of five protagonists (Albert Ashmead, Jules Goldschmidt, Edvard Ehlers. Armauer Hansen, and Phineas Abraham) in the shaping of the Berlin Conference are here examined.

Simplified technique for recording human cortical & spinal evoked muscle potentials.

Muscle responses evoked on transcranial stimulation of the motor cortex (corticomotor) and motor roots (spinal) were studied in 20 healthy volunteers using a simplification of Rossini's technique and conventional EMG equipment. Cortical motor responses were consistently obtained from the contralateral upper limb with tolerable stimuli. Lower limb motor responses were inconsistent and sometimes required uncomfortably high stimulus strengths. In the upper limbs, peripheral conduction time (PCT) was estimated by the latency of the response to spinal stimulation. A comparable measure of PCT was obtained for the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) from the F-responses. The difference between the latency of the corticomotor response and the PCT was considered to represent central motor conduction time (CMCT). Corticomotor latencies were: APB 18.51 +/- 1.1 msec, biceps 9.77 +/- 0.46 msec and tibialis anterior 26.5 +/- 2.9 msec. CMCT from cortex to C8/T1 segments (APB) was 4.68 +/- 0.6 msec and between cortex and C5/C6 (biceps) 4.24 +/- 0.42 msec.