RESUMO
Background: MDR-TB is defined as resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin with or without resistance to other drugs. India is one of the countries with largest burden of MDR TB in the world. Second line Anti-tuberculous therapy is now available for patients with MDR-TB under the RNTCP Category IV. but there are many challenges for MDR-TB control in india. This study was done to analyses the RNTCP data for MDR-TB maintained at a TU, in the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and to compare it with the data available in literature. This study also aimed to identify challenges faced while treating MDR-TB and to address the same. Material and methods: We had restropectively analyzed 353 patients referred to the TU from the respective Direct Microscopy Center (DMC) with suspicion of MDR-TB during a period of January 2014 to December 2014. Results: Of the 353 suspected MDR_TB patients referred to the TU, 48 patients (13.597%) were diagnosed to have MDR-TB. Of these 48 patients, 46 patients had pulmonary TB (95.833%) and 2 patients had extra-pulmonary MDR-TB (4.166%). Of the 48 patients, 08 (16.67%) patients were transferred to their respective TU and 40 patients (83.33%) were enrolled for Cat IV from our TU. Of the 40 patients enrolled at our TU, 30 patients (75%) were continuing Category IV at the end of 2014 (25 were on intensive phase and 05 were on continuation phase), 03 patients (7.5%) died during treatment, 01 patient (2.5%) defaulted treatment, 05 patients (12.5%) refused treatment and 01 patient had XDR-TB (2.5%). Of the 40 patients, 05 patients (12.5%) had ofloxacin resistance. NO patient had intolerance to any oral or injectable ATT. None of the diagnosed MDR-TB patients had HIV co-infection Conclusion: Drug resistance in tuberculosis is a “man-made problem”. Anti-TB chemotherapy must be given optimally by (i) ensuring adequate absorption of drugs, (ii) timely diagnosis and management of drug toxicities and (iii) treatment adherence. To ensure that all patients get adequate treatment and to have a close follow-up of defaulters and patients who refuse treatment; we need to strengthen our existing management information system and also incorporate private sectors into our system.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Migrants from the Indian subcontinent (South Asian migrants) in the United Kingdom have high mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) in comparison to the indigenous population. Few studies have assessed the prevalence of CHD in South Asians, and the applicability of conventional survey methods in this population is not known. In this pilot random population survey of South Asian men and women living in West London, the prevalence of CHD as judged by the Rose questionnaire, past cardiac history, cardiologist and resting electrocardiogram were compared. METHODS: Subjects aged 30-64 years from randomly selected households were invited for a cardiological assessment. A lay person administered the Rose questionnaire and recorded the past cardiac history. A cardiologist also made an independent assessment and a 12-lead electrocardiogram was recorded and analysed according to the Minnesota code. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy-six individuals (192 men and 184 women) were assessed. The prevalence of angina in men and women, respectively, was 3.1% and 4.9% by the Rose questionnaire; 2.6% and 2.2% by past cardiac history; and 4.2% and 0.5% according to the cardiologist. The prevalence of myocardial infarction in men and women, respectively, was 5.2% and 2.2% by the Rose questionnaire, 3.6% and zero by past cardiac history and 3.6% and 0.5% by the cardiologist. Q/QS codes were present in 1.6% men and 0.5% women and ischaemic codes in 13% men and 14% women. Ischaemic changes were not associated with any cardiac history in 72% of men and 92% of women. For a diagnosis of CHD in men, there was poor agreement between the Rose questionnaire and either the past cardiac history or the cardiologist's assessment, but moderate agreement between the past cardiac history and the cardiologist. Agreement was poor between all three methods for a positive diagnosis of CHD in women. CONCLUSION: Current accepted epidemiological methods for assessing CHD prevalence may be inaccurate in South Asians, especially women. Electrocardiogram abnormalities suggestive of ischaemia are common in South Asians and are usually not associated with evidence of CHD. Thus, their value as indicators of CHD is questionable.