Evaluation of the measles surveillance system performance in Jiading District， Shanghai from 2020 to 2022 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo evaluate the measles surveillance system （MSS） in Jiading District， Shanghai from 2020 to 2022， and to provide evidence for the elimination of measles. MethodsDescriptive methods were used to analyze the MSS data and confirmed measles cases from 2020 to 2022 and to evaluate MSS performance indicators. ResultsA total of 120 suspected cases were reported through the MSS from 2020 to 2022， of which 12 were classified as measles， 9 as rubella， and 99 as non-measles /rubella. The incidence of reported non-measles /rubella was 1.44 per 100 000 population in 2020， 2.01 per 100 000 population in 2021， and 1.99 per 100 000 population in 2022. The rates of complete investigation within 48 hours， blood samples and etiology collection， timely delivery， and timely reporting were all 100%. Among the 12 confirmed measles cases from 2020 to 2022， seven routine immunization subjects completed the required doses of measles vaccines， while two out five adult cases had a history of measles vaccine-related immunization. The confirmed cases comprised six with fever accompanied by rash， five with rash alone， and one with fever alone. ConclusionThe MSS results in Jiading District， Shanghai are overall satisfactory. However， there is a need to improve sensitivity， especially in detecting and reporting cases with atypical symptoms. It is imperative to maintain high vaccination coverage for age-appropriate children， promote supplementary immunization activities， and elevate the overall immunity of the entire population.

Late diagnosis of HIV infection and its associated factors in Jiading District of Shanghai between 1998 and 2022 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the late diagnosis of HIV infection and associated factors in Jiading District between 1998 and 2022， and to provide the information for the development of AIDS prevention and control strategy. MethodsInformation of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Jiading District between 1998 and 2022 were obtained from the National Information System for Comprehensive AIDS Prevention and Control. Logistic regression was used to explore the associated factors of late diagnosis of HIV infection. ResultsIn total， 809 HIV/AIDS cases was newly reported， 324 of which were late diagnosis with the overall rate of late diagnosis of 40.1%. Despite an increased tendency from 2016 to 2018， the rate of late diagnosis showed a downward trend from 1998 to 2015. The late diagnosis rate was 29.5% in 2015. From 2016 to 2022， the average rate was 34.9%. The average age of cases with a late diagnosis was 44.8±14.6 years old. Age groups over 50 had the highest risk，at 57.7%， accounting for 35.8% of all cases of late diagnosis. All age groups older than 30（OR=1.37‒3.50） had a higher rate of late diagnosis than the group between age 21 and 30. In comparison to patients at VCT clinic， the rate of late diagnosis among sexually transmitted disease （STD） outpatients （OR=2.23， 95%CI：1.42‒3.49） and other clinical patients （OR=2.75， 95%CI：1.88‒4.01） was higher. ConclusionThe late diagnosis rate of HIV infection is relatively high in Jiading District. AIDS education and prevention activities should be strengthened among people aged over 50 years. For early detection of HIV infection， VCT clinic platform’s function should be fully utilized. Medical institutions should pay attention to HIV testing in patients.

Distribution and density of Aedes albopictus in Jiading District of Shanghai in 2020 / 上海预防医学

Objective To determine the seasonal fluctuation and population distribution of Aedes albopictus in Jiading District， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of dengue fever and other Aedes-borne diseases. Methods In 2020， the mosq-ovitrap method and mosq-ovitrap index （MOI） were used to monitor and evaluate the density of Aedes albopictus in Jiading District. Spatial and temporal distribution of Aedes albopictus was determined. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results In 2020， the annual average MOI was determined to be 4.10， which was under safety threshold. The seasonal fluctuations showed a unimodal distribution， which peaked in July. The fluctuation trend in urban area was similar to the overall trend， while that in the non-urban area showed a bimodal distribution with peaks in June and August. The density of Aedes albopictus at different monitoring sites varied widely，with the highest MOI （6.64） at Anting town and the lowest MOI （2.09） at Huating town. The distribution of Aedes albopictus in different habitats also varied widely； the highest density was observed in environments as waste collection stations and construction sites， with the highest MOI 33.33 in waste collection stations in peak season. The MOI value of Aedes albopictus in residential areas was significantly higher than that in non-residential areas （χ2 = 6.082， P = 0.014）. Conclusion Aedes albopictus is quite common in Jiading District. In certain areas， Aedes density may exceed the safety threshold from May to September. More targeted mosquito control measures should be implemented in waste collection stations， construction sites and residential areas.

Prospective study and cost-benefit analysis of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among the elderly in Jiading District of Shanghai / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost-benefit of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in prevention of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in the elderly over 60 years old in Jiading District, Shanghai. Methods A prospective cohort study was conduct, in which the sample size was 1 000 for both inoculated and uninoculated groups. This study followed the two groups for three years. Incidence and economic burden of LRTIs were compared between the two groups. Re-sults Compared with the uninoculated group,the incidence of LRTIs in the inoculated group reduced sig-nificantly and the efficacy of PPV23 was stable. Inoculation of about every 10 elderly people could prevent one incidence of LRTIs. The overall protective efficacy of PPV23 against LRTIs, usage of antibiotics and hospitalization were 59.5%,63.5% and 89%,respectively. As the incidence of LRTIs increased,the pro-tective rate of PPV23 also tended to increase. Subgroup analysis showed that PPV23 reduced the incidence of LRTIs,usage of antibiotics and hospitalization in the elderly with hypertension,and decreased the incidence of LRTIs and usage of antibiotics in the elderly who were healthy or had diabetes.The cost-benefit ratio was 1 : 1.64 and the net benefit was ￥58 544. Adverse events following immunization were mostly local reac-tions and none were treated. Conclusion PPV23 can effectively reduce the incidence of LRTIs in the elder-ly over 60 years old with stable efficacy,safety and benefits outweighing costs.

Practice and correlates of partner notification of HIV infection status among 307 HIV-infected individuals of Shanghai / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the situation of notification and HIV antibody testing of sexual partners of people who lived with HIV, and to analyze the factors which could influence the rate of sexual partner notification of Shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HIV-positive people were recruited from Jiading, Jinan and Xuhui District in Shanghai, all of them were diagnosed with HIV from July 1, 1998 to July 30, 2014, and all of them were ≥ 16 years old, ruled out poor compliance, unwillingness to cooperate, mental disorders, deaf and other factors that could not properly answer questions. Face to face questionnaires were used to collect demographics, HIV related knowledge, testing of HIV, status of sexual partners before they have been diagnosed with HIV, notification of sexual partners. These questionnaires were self-designed. The differences of notification situation and the HIV-positive rate among different sexual partners were compared by chi-square tests. The factors which would influence the rate of sexual partner notification were analyzed by logistic regression, and the OR (95% CI) value was calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 307 people living with HIV were surveyed, of these 276 (89.9%) were males and 31 (10.1%) were females. The rates of different sexual partner been notified from spouses, homosexual regular partners, heterosexual regular partners, heterosexual no-regular no-commercial partners, homosexual no-regular no-commercial partners to commercial sexual partners were 68.2% (105/154), 44.7% (119/266), 21.4% (22/103), 5.8% (3/52), 5.5% (43/787), and 0.4% (1/235) (χ(2) = 5.22, P < 0.001). Among these been notified sexual partners 277 of them have had HIV antibody tested, 90 persons was HIV-positive, the rate was 32.5%. Confirmed time (OR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16-0.86), whether inform staff allowed the HIV-positive people mobilize their sexual partners have HIV-antibody test (OR: 9.63, 95% CI: 3.77-24.55), whether someone else was present during notification (OR: 5.57, 95% CI: 1.96-15.78) and relationship stability (OR: 28.55, 95% CI: 7.93-102.75; OR: 14.13, 95% CI: 4.87-41.02) were associated with HIV-positive people disclosing their infected status to their sexual partners.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The rate of notification to these partners was low, but the HIV antibody positive rate was high among the sexual partners in the three research districts of Shanghai. Shorter confirmed time, inform staff didn't allow the HIV-positive people mobilize their partners have HIV-antibody test, no other was present during people was told they were HIV-positive, and no fixed sexual relationship, all these could make lower rate of sexual partners to be notified.</p>