Progressive Trends of Childhood Immunization in Rajasthan: A study based on the NFHS database

Any public health program's efficacy may be evaluated solely based on the available statistics. A program's ability to be tracked relies heavily on data. There are several systems in place in India for gathering data on the health of individual states and the country as a whole. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is one of these mechanisms. Children's vaccination status is one of the many data points collected by the National Health Interview Study (NFIS), a representative sample survey. NFHS is commonly used to evaluate and monitor the progress of any health program in the country, therefore, to sum it up: According to Rajasthan's NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 reports, there has been a significant increase in the state's coverage status. Despite the difficulties and the closure of the corona, this research will investigate the data that has demonstrated extraordinary rises and the causes that have made it possible or the huge efforts by the state government.

Latissimus dorsi detrusor myoplasty for bladder acontractility: a systematic review

Bladder acontractility affects several thousand patients in the United States, but the available therapies are limited. Latissimus dorsi detrusor myoplasty (LDDM) is a therapeutic option that allows patients with bladder acontractility to void voluntarily. Our goal was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine whether LDDM is a better option than clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) (standard treatment) in patients with bladder acontractility. On January 17, 2020, we conducted a systematic review of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Clinical Answers, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, without time frame limitations, to identify articles on the use of LDDM for bladder acontractility. Of 75 potential articles, 4 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The use of LDDM to treat patients with bladder acontractility was reported in four case series by the same group in Europe. Fifty-eight patients were included, and no comparison groups were included. The most common cause of bladder acontractility was spinal cord injury (n=36). The mean (±standard deviation) operative time was 536 (±22) minutes, postoperative length of hospital stay ranged from 10 to 13 days, and follow-up ranged from 9 to 68 months. Most patients had complete response, were able to void voluntarily, and had post-void residual volume less than 100 mL. Although promising outcomes have been obtained, evidence is still weak regarding whether LDDM is better than CIC to avoid impairment of the urinary tract among patients with bladder acontractility. Further prospective studies with control groups are necessary.

Latissimus dorsi detrusor myoplasty for bladder acontractility: a systematic review

Bladder acontractility affects several thousand patients in the United States, but the available therapies are limited. Latissimus dorsi detrusor myoplasty (LDDM) is a therapeutic option that allows patients with bladder acontractility to void voluntarily. Our goal was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine whether LDDM is a better option than clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) (standard treatment) in patients with bladder acontractility. On January 17, 2020, we conducted a systematic review of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Clinical Answers, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, without time frame limitations, to identify articles on the use of LDDM for bladder acontractility. Of 75 potential articles, 4 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The use of LDDM to treat patients with bladder acontractility was reported in four case series by the same group in Europe. Fifty-eight patients were included, and no comparison groups were included. The most common cause of bladder acontractility was spinal cord injury (n=36). The mean (±standard deviation) operative time was 536 (±22) minutes, postoperative length of hospital stay ranged from 10 to 13 days, and follow-up ranged from 9 to 68 months. Most patients had complete response, were able to void voluntarily, and had post-void residual volume less than 100 mL. Although promising outcomes have been obtained, evidence is still weak regarding whether LDDM is better than CIC to avoid impairment of the urinary tract among patients with bladder acontractility. Further prospective studies with control groups are necessary.

New Insights on the Mechanisms Affecting Fertility in Men with Non-Seminoma Testicular Cancer before Cancer Therapy

PURPOSE: Patients with non-seminoma testicular cancer (NSTC) cancer can be subfertile or infertile, and present reduced sperm quality, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the sperm proteome of patients with NSTC, who cryopreserved their sperm before starting cancer treatment, with that from healthy fertile men.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semen volume, sperm motility and sperm concentration were evaluated before the cryopreservation of samples from patients with NSTC (n=15) and the control group (n=15). Sperm proteomic analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the two groups were identified using bioinformatic tools.RESULTS: A total of 189 DEPs was identified in the dataset, from which five DEPs related to sperm function and fertilization were selected for validation by Western blot. We were able to validate the underexpression of the mitochondrial complex subunits NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit S1 (NDUFS1) and ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 2 (UQCRC2), as well as the underexpression of the testis-specific sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 (ATP1A4) in the NSTC group.CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that sperm mitochondrial dysfunction may explain the observed decrease in sperm concentration, total sperm count and total motile count in NSTC patients. The identified DEPs may serve as potential biomarkers for the pathophysiology of subfertility/infertility in patients with NSTC. Our study also associates the reduced fertilizing ability of NSTC patients with the dysregulation of important sperm molecular mechanisms.

Prosthetic urology: past, present, and future / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

The global population is collectively getting older, and age is directly correlated with erectile dysfunction (ED). With the advent of effective oral agents and wide availability of the Internet, a larger portion of the population is becoming aware of the different treatment options for men with ED. The penile prosthesis is a definitive and effective treatment for ED which has been available for just over half a century.

Reduced semen quality in patients with testicular cancer seminoma is associated with alterations in the expression of sperm proteins / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Testicular cancer seminoma is one of the most common types of cancer among men of reproductive age. Patients with this condition usually present reduced semen quality, even before initiating cancer therapy. However, the underlying mechanisms by which testicular cancer seminoma affects male fertility are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in the sperm proteome of men with seminoma undergoing sperm banking before starting cancer therapy, in comparison to healthy proven fertile men (control group). A routine semen analysis was conducted before cryopreservation of the samples (n = 15 per group). Men with seminoma showed a decrease in sperm motility (P = 0.019), total motile count (P = 0.001), concentration (P = 0.003), and total sperm count (P = 0.001). Quantitative proteomic analysis identified 393 differentially expressed proteins between the study groups. Ten proteins involved in spermatogenesis, sperm function, binding of sperm to the oocyte, and fertilization were selected for validation by western blot. We confirmed the underexpression of heat shock-related 70 kDa protein 2 (P = 0.041), ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 2 (P = 0.026), and testis-specific sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 (P = 0.016), as well as the overexpression of angiotensin I converting enzyme (P = 0.005) in the seminoma group. The altered expression levels of these proteins are associated with spermatogenesis dysfunction, reduced sperm kinematics and motility, failure in capacitation and fertilization. The findings of this study may explain the decrease in the fertilizing ability of men with seminoma before starting cancer therapy.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound approach to the diagnosis of focal liver lesions: the importance of washout

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a powerful technique for differentiating focal liver lesions (FLLs) without the risks of potential nephrotoxicity or ionizing radiation. In the diagnostic algorithm for FLLs on CEUS, washout is an important feature, as its presence is highly suggestive of malignancy and its characteristics are useful in distinguishing hepatocellular from non-hepatocellular malignancies. Interpreting washout on CEUS requires an understanding that microbubble contrast agents are strictly intravascular, unlike computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. This review explains the definition and types of washout on CEUS in accordance with the 2017 version of the CEUS Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System and presents their applications to differential diagnosis with illustrative examples. Additionally, we propose potential mechanisms of rapid washout and describe the washout phenomenon in benign entities.

Conus vexillum venom induces oxidative stress in Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cells: an insight into the mechanism of induction

It is estimated that venoms of marine cone snails (genus Conus) contain more than 100,000 different small peptides with a wide range of pharmacological and biological actions. Some of these peptides were developed into potential therapeutic agents and as molecular tools to understand biological functions of nervous and cardiovascular systems. In this study we examined the cytotoxic and anticancer properties of the marine vermivorous cone snail Conus vexillum (collected from Hurgada and Sharm El-Shaikh, Red Sea, Egypt) and suggest the possible mechanisms involved. The in vitro cytotoxic effects of Conus venom were assessed against Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. Results Conus venom treatment resulted in concentration-dependent cytotoxicity as indicated by a lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay. Apoptotic effects were measured in vivo by measuring levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidative defense agents in albino mice injected with EAC cells. Conus venom (1.25 mg/kg) induced a significant increase ( p  < 0.05) in several oxidative stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and reactive nitrogen intermediates) of EAC cells after 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours of venom injection. Conus venom significantly reduced ( p  < 0.05) the activities of oxidative defense enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) as well as the total antioxidant capacity of EAC cells, as evidenced by lowered levels of reduced glutathione.Conclusions These results demonstrate the cytotoxic potential of C. vexillum venom by inducing oxidative stress mediated mechanisms in tumor cells and suggest that the venom contains novel.

Conus vexillum venom induces oxidative stress in Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cells: an insight into the mechanism of induction

Background: It is estimated that venoms of marine cone snails (genus Conus) contain more than 100,000 different small peptides with a wide range of pharmacological and biological actions. Some of these peptides were developed into potential therapeutic agents and as molecular tools to understand biological functions of nervous and cardiovascular systems. In this study we examined the cytotoxic and anticancer properties of the marine vermivorous cone snail Conus vexillum (collected from Hurgada and Sharm El-Shaikh, Red Sea, Egypt) and suggest the possible mechanisms involved. The in vitro cytotoxic effects of Conus venom were assessed against Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. Results: Conus venom treatment resulted in concentration-dependent cytotoxicity as indicated by a lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay. Apoptotic effects were measured in vivo by measuring levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidative defense agents in albino mice injected with EAC cells. Conus venom (1.25 mg/kg) induced a significant increase (p < 0.05) in several oxidative stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and reactive nitrogen intermediates) of EAC cells after 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours of venom injection. Conus venom significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the activities of oxidative defense enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) as well as the total antioxidant capacity of EAC cells, as evidenced by lowered levels of reduced glutathione. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the cytotoxic potential of C. vexillum venom by inducing oxidative stress mediated mechanisms in tumor cells and suggest that the venom contains novel molecules with potential anticancer activity.(AU)

História das relações de gênero / History of gender relations

História das relações de gênero é uma exploração fascinante do que ocorre com as idéias estabelecidas sobre homens e mulheres quando sistemas culturais distintos entram em contato. Valendo-se de uma grande variedade de exemplos, da pré-história ao século XXI, e abarcando diferentes sociedades, da China às Américas, da África ao norte da Europa, passando por Oriente Médio, Rússia, Japão e Austrália, o historiador Peter N. Stearns delineia o quadro dos encontros culturais internacionais mais significativos e seus efeitos sobre as relações de gênero. O impacto do islamismo e das práticas de gênero do Oriente Médio na Índia e na África subsaariana; o resultado dos contatos da China com a condição feminina entre japoneses e mongóis; a influência colonial européia na América, Índia, África e Oceania; o impacto das ações internacionais no Oriente Médio; e os efeitos da atuação de organizações internacionais e do consumismo global são alguns dos assuntos discutidos neste livro.

Detecçäo de vírus Dengue sorotipos 1 e 2 pela técnica de immunoblotting utilizando proteínas recombinantes / Detection of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 2 by immunoblotting techniques using recombinant proteins

O vírus dengue säo patógenos que vêm afetando milhöes de pessoas durante os dois últimos séculos. No presente trabalho, comparou-se a técnica tradicional de MAC-ELISA e o teste de Immunoblotting, utilizando-se proteínas recombinantes, para pesquisa de anticorpos da classe M, contra os vírus Dengue sorotipos 1 e 2. Foram testadas 100 amostras de soro de pacientes, com suspeita clínica de dengue, por MAC-ELISA e Immunoblotting. Estes soros quando submetidos ao MAC-ELISA resultaram 56 positivos para dengue e 44 negativos. Estas mesmas amostras avaliadas por Immunoblotting erevelaram 56 soros negativos, 36 soros positivos para DEN-1, 6 para DEN-2 e 2 para DEN-1 e 2. Proteínas recombinantes (DEN-1 e DEN-2) utilizadas como antígeno em Immunoblotting possibilitam um diagnóstico diferencial dos sorotipos de dengue circulantes em área, enquanto o teste MAC-ELISA apesar de sensível e rápido näo tipifica o sorotipo de dengue, dado importante durante os períodos de epidemias. (AU)

Dengue viroses (DEN-1 to 4) are human pathogens affeeting millions of people In the last two eenturies. Results of a eomparative study between the traditional MAC-ELISA method and the Immunoblotting teehniques using reeombinant proteins of DEN-l and DEN-2 to deteet vírus speei- fie class M Immunoglobulins, are reported in this paper. One hundred sera samples were studied. Fifty six samples were positive to dengue by MAC-ELISA and 44 were positive by Immunoblotting teehni- que: 36 to DEN-1, 6 to DEN-2 and 2 to DEN-1 and 2 sorotypes. So, the serotype identifieation of the dengue vírus eireulantig in a determined área is possible by using these reeombinant proteins in Immunoblotting teehniques. These data are importante for epidemiologieal surveillanee mainly during the oeeurrenee of an epidemie. (AU)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy [BSE] -mad cow disease

The background to the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy [BSE] among cattle in the United Kingdom is described as the possible origin of the disease and its relationship to scrapie in sheep. Although the epidemic in cattle is virtually over there is evidence of the transmission of the infectious agent to humans to produce a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The current status of our understanding of the molecular biology of the infectious agent is described as is the evidence in support of the protein-only, prion, hypothesis. Study of the glycoforms of the prions supports the view that BSE has been transmitted to humans

Hazards of biotechnology

There is evidence for a vociferous minority of the public in some countries against the application of recombinant DNA [rDNA] technology. This has in part been fuelled by the planned, and in some cases actual, release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment. Scientists are agreed that some control of such releases is required but that the guidelines for such control should be internationally agreed. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] is the best body to do this. Scientists should co-operate with their own politicians and regulating bodies, be scrupulous in adhering to the agreed procedures and inform people in all walks of life about their work and the concept of risk assessment. These measures should help to avert the danger that the benefits of rDNA are lost to medicine and agriculture