Construction and application of neonatal asphyxia risk prediction model in cesarean section / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To establish a risk prediction model for neonatal asphyxia in cesarean section and test its application effect.Methods:This was a retrospective study. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 2 244 infants (modeling group) who were delivered by cesarean section in Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University from April 2021 to December 2021. Newborns were divided into asphyxia group ( n=176) and non-asphyxia group ( n=2 068) according to the occurrence of neonatal asphyxia. Logistic regression was used to screen the risk factors of neonatal asphyxia in cesarean section and a line chart model was established to predict the risk. Another 683 neonates were selected as validation group for external validation of the model from January to March in 2022. Results:Five factors including preterm birth, fetal distress, fetal growth restriction, abnormal S/D value of umbilical artery and umbilical cord around the neck were included in the prediction model. The area under ROC curve of the modeling group was 0.902, the Youden index was 0.687, the sensitivity was 0.837, and the specificity was 0.850. Hosmer-lemeshow test showed that χ2=1.79, and P=0.877. In the validation group, the area under ROC curve was 0.823, the Youden index was 0.555, the sensitivity was 0.835, and the specificity was 0.720. It showed that the model had a good fitting effect and identification validity. Conclusions:The risk prediction model has a good clinical application value in the prediction of neonatal asphyxia in cesarean section, and provides reference for obstetricians to take preventive management measures of neonatal asphyxia in time.

A collection of update in the thyroid diseases / 中国实用内科杂志

After more than 20 years of mandatory salt iodination program, what changes have taken place in the spectrum and prevalence of thyroid diseases? Recent national survey data show that the prevalence of most thyroid diseases(including clinical hyperthyroidism,subclinical hyperthyroidism, clinical hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and goiter) has not increased compared with the results of the 1999 survey. Only the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid nodules increased.The increase of subclinical hypothyroidism is related to the increase of TSH reference value. No increased thyroid nodules have been found to be associated with increased iodine intake.Thyroid cancer rates have risen sharply, but increased iodine intake cannot be blamed. Studies have shown that iodine deficiency poses a greater risk of thyroid disease than excess iodine.The policy of iodizing salt should be continued.

Association between iron deficiency and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in pregnant and non-pregnant women of childbearing age: a cross-sectional study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is prevalent among women of reproductive age and associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between iron nutritional status and the prevalence of TAI in women during the first trimester of pregnancy and in non-pregnant women of childbearing age.@*METHODS@#Cross-sectional analysis of 7463 pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy and 2185 non-pregnant women of childbearing age nested within the sub-clinical hypothyroid in early pregnancy study, a prospective collection of pregnant and non-pregnant women's data, was conducted in Liaoning province of China between 2012 and 2015. Serum thyrotropin, free thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), serum ferritin, and urinary iodine were measured. Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as serum ferritin 150 μg/L. TPOAb-positive was defined as >34 U/mL and TgAb-positive was defined as >115 U/mL. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between TAI and different iron nutritional status after adjusting for potential confounders.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of isolated TPOAb-positive was markedly higher in women with ID than those without ID, in both pregnant and non-pregnant women (6.28% vs. 3.23%, χ = 10.264, P = 0.002; 6.25% vs. 3.70%, χ = 3,791, P = 0.044; respectively). After adjusting for confounders and the cluster effect of hospitals, ID remained associated with TPOAb-positive in pregnant and non-pregnant women (odds ratio [OR]: 2.111, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.241-3.591, P = 0.006; and OR: 1.822, 95% CI: 1.011-3.282, P = 0.046, respectively).@*CONCLUSION@#ID was associated with a higher prevalence of isolated TPOAbs-positive, but not with isolated TgAb-positive, in both pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy and non-pregnant women of childbearing age, while IO was not associated with either isolated TPOAb-positive or isolated TgAb-positive.@*CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ChiCTR-TRC-13003805, http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx.

Association between iron deficiency and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in pregnant and non-pregnant women of childbearing age: a cross-sectional study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is prevalent among women of reproductive age and associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between iron nutritional status and the prevalence of TAI in women during the first trimester of pregnancy and in non-pregnant women of childbearing age.@*Methods@#Cross-sectional analysis of 7463 pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy and 2185 non-pregnant women of childbearing age nested within the sub-clinical hypothyroid in early pregnancy study, a prospective collection of pregnant and non-pregnant women’s data, was conducted in Liaoning province of China between 2012 and 2015. Serum thyrotropin, free thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), serum ferritin, and urinary iodine were measured. Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as serum ferritin <15 μg/L and iron overload (IO) was defined as ferritin >150 μg/L. TPOAb-positive was defined as >34 U/mL and TgAb-positive was defined as >115 U/mL. Multilevel logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between TAI and different iron nutritional status after adjusting for potential confounders.@*Results@#The prevalence of isolated TPOAb-positive was markedly higher in women with ID than those without ID, in both pregnant and non-pregnant women (6.28% vs. 3.23%, χ2 = 10.264, P = 0.002; 6.25% vs. 3.70%, χ2 = 3,791, P = 0.044; respectively). After adjusting for confounders and the cluster effect of hospitals, ID remained associated with TPOAb-positive in pregnant and non-pregnant women (odds ratio [OR]: 2.111, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.241–3.591, P = 0.006; and OR: 1.822, 95% CI: 1.011–3.282, P = 0.046, respectively).@*Conclusion@#ID was associated with a higher prevalence of isolated TPOAbs-positive, but not with isolated TgAb-positive, in both pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy and non-pregnant women of childbearing age, while IO was not associated with either isolated TPOAb-positive or isolated TgAb-positive.@*Clinical trial registration@#ChiCTR-TRC-13003805, http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx.

Effects of Maternal Marginal Iodine Deficiency on Interactions between Cerebellar Bergmann Glia Cells and Purkinje Cells in Rat Offspring / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Iodine deficiency (ID) during early pregnancy has an adverse effect on children's psychomotor and motor function but the mechanism has not been clarified. Therefore, our aim was to study the effect of maternal marginal ID on cerebellar neurodevelopment and the underlying mechanism. After obtaining marginal ID rats, we examined interactions between Bergmann glia cells (BGs) and Purkinje cells (PCs) using immunofluorescence and expression of the glutamate transporter and receptor by western blot. Our results showed that marginal ID reduced the number of contacted points between BGs and PCs, and disturbed expression of the glutamate transporter and receptor. Our results support the hypothesis that marginal ID inhibits interactions of BGs-PCs, which may be involved in abnormal regulation of the glutamate transporter and receptor.

Clinical and laboratory features of macrophage activation syndrome / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical and laboratory features of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) at the early stage of diagnosis, and to explore a method for early identification of MAS.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was performed for the demographic data, clinical and laboratory features, and treatment outcomes of 21 MAS patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 21 MAS patients, 14 had systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 5 had Kawasaki disease (KD), and 2 had connective tissue disease (CTD) as primary diseases. The median time of MAS onset was 19 days. The KD patients had the shortest time of MAS onset, while the CTD patients had the longest onset time (P=0.009). The top 10 clinical symptoms were fever (95%), rash (86%), lymph node enlargement (67%), hemophagocytic phenomenon in bone marrow (63%), pulmonary disease (62%), serous effusion (62%), hepatomegaly (52%), cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities (50%), central nervous system damage (43%), and splenomegaly (38%). The median of hemoglobin level was lower than the normal value. The medians of C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were higher than the normal values. There were significant increases in serum ferritin, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and triglyceride. The median of fibrinogen level was lower than the normal value. There were significant increases in D-dimer, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Of the 21 patients, 20 were improved and discharged.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>If patients with rheumatic disease have persistent fever, hepatic dysfunction, coagulation disorders, multiple organ impairment, significantly increased IL-10 and IFN-γ, and a persistent increase in serum ferritin, the development of MAS should be considered.</p>

Viral Etiology Relationship between Human Papillomavirus and Human Breast Cancer and Target of Gene Therapy / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the viral etiology of human breast cancer to determine whether there are novel molecular targets for gene therapy of breast cancer and provide evidence for the research of gene therapy and vaccine development for breast cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PCR was used to screen HPV16 and HPV18 oncogenes E6 and E7 in the SKBR3 cell line and in 76 paraffin embedded breast cancer tissue samples. RNA interference was used to knock down the expression of HPV18 E6 and E7 in SKBR3 cells, then the changes in the expression of cell-cycle related proteins, cell viability, colony formation, metastasis, and cell cycle progression were determined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HPV18 oncogenes E6 and E7 were amplified and sequenced from the SKBR3 cells. Of the patient samples, 6.58% and 23.68% were tested to be positive for HPV18 E6 and HPV18 E7. In the cell culture models, the knockdown of HPV18 E6 and E7 inhibited the proliferation, metastasis, and cell cycle progression of SKBR3 cell. The knockdown also clearly affected the expression levels of cell cycle related proteins.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HPV was a contributor to virus caused human breast cancer, suggesting that the oncogenes in HPV were potential targets for gene therapy of breast cancer.</p>

Association of vitamin D concentrations with juvenile idiopathic arthritis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] is the main product of vitamin D and can reflect the absolute concentration of active vitamin D in the body. This study examined serum 25(OH)D3 levels in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in order to explore the association of vitamin D concentrations with the pathogenesis and disease activity of JIA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serum samples were collected from 53 children confirmed as having JIA between January 2013 and March 2014, as well as 106 healthy children (control group) who underwent physical examination in the same period. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 were measured using ELISA and compared between the cases and healthy controls. The association of serum 25(OH)D3 levels with JIA subtypes, ACR Pediatric 30 Score, peripheral blood C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were analyzed in children with JIA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the JIA group had significantly reduced serum 25(OH)D3 levels (median: 42.6 nmol/L vs 49.9 nmol/L; P<0.01). The percentage of subjects with severe deficiency of vitamin D in the JIA group was significantly higher than that in the control group (17.0% vs 6.6%; P<0.05). Serum 25(OH)D3 showed no significant correlations with JIA subtypes, ACR Pediatric 30 Score, CRP, and ESR in children with JIA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Vitamin D concentrations are significantly decreased in children with JIA. Decreased vitamin D concentrations may be associated with the pathogenesis of JIA. However, vitamin D concentrations may have no correlations with JIA subtypes, disease severity, and disease activity.</p>

Comparative study on biomechanical properties of 3 kinds of rib internal fixators / 医用生物力学

Objective To study and compare biomechanical properties of a newly developed magnesium AZ31B alloy intramedullary nail (AZ31B) with that of imported Poly-L-lactic acid intramedullary nail (PLLA) and pure titanium rib plate (TPRP), so as to provide scientific evidences for better internal fixation in clinical operation. Methods Forty fresh adult ribs were used and divided into 4 groups randomly. Three groups were made lateral rib fracture in midaxillary line and fixed by AZ31B, PLLA and TPRP, respectively, while the group with normal ribs was used as control. Biomechanical properties of specimens in each group were measured and tested using experimental stress analysis. Results (1) Three-point bending strength of internal fixation with AZ31B was close to that of control group (P>0.05), but significantly different to that of TPRP group and PTRP group (P0.05), and the torsional strength of both AZ31B and PTRP was superior to that of PLLA (P<0.05). Conclusions The internal fixation with AZ31B is an ideal mode for treating rib fracture since AZ31B has larger flexural strength than PLLA and TPRP, and its torsional strength was close to PTRP and normal ribs. This study provides some support for future research on biomechanical properties of AZ31B.

Risk factors for pleural lung disease in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the risk factors for pleural lung disease (PLD) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to provide a basis for the early diagnosis and timely treatment of this disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 360 children with a confirmed diagnosis of JIA were enrolled, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent a chest X-ray. The patients with PLD were assigned to PLD group, while those without PLD were assigned to non-PLD group. The clinical, imaging, and laboratory results of JIA patients with PLD were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 360 JIA patients, 43 (11.9%) had PLD, and 9 (21%) of them had respiratory symptoms. Chest X-ray findings mainly included interstitial pneumonitis (53.5%) and pleurisy and/or pleural effusion (38.1%). In the 43 cases of JIA-PLD, 4 (9.3%) had normal chest X-ray findings but abnormal chest CT findings. The incidence of PLD was relatively high in patients aged under 3 years and those aged 12 years or above. Children with systemic JIA had a relatively high incidence of PLD. Compared with the non-PLD group, the PLD group had a significantly higher incidence of anemia, elevated white blood cell (WBC) count and IgG levels in peripheral blood, and positive rheumatoid factors or antinuclear antibodies (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Among children with JIA, PLD is mostly seen in patients with systemic JIA or aged <3 years or ≥ 12 years, especially those with anemia, elevated WBC count and IgG levels, and positive rheumatoid factors or antinuclear antibodies. For JIA patients with PLD, interstitial pneumonitis is usually seen on chest X-ray or CT, but respiratory symptoms are rarely observed. Routine use of high-resolution chest CT is recommended for early diagnosis and timely treatment of PLD in children with JIA.</p>

Serum cytokine levels in children with newly diagnosed active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the changes in serum cytokines levels in children with newly diagnosed active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and to explore the role of cytokines in the development and progression of SJIA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-four pediatric patients with active SJIA between January 2010 and December 2013 were included in the study. Serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukine-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were measured by flow cytometry in these patients. The levels of cytokines were also determined in 202 healthy children as the control group. Routine laboratory parameters including white blood cell (WBC) count, percentage of neutrophils, hemoglobin level, platelet count, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were monitored in the patient group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The WBC count, percentage of neutrophils, hs-CRP, and ESR in 74 cases of SJIA were significantly above the normal range, their platelet counts were within the normal range, whereas hemoglobin levels were below the normal range. Compared with the control group, the patient group showed a significantly increased level of IL-6 (P<0.01) and significantly reduced levels of IL-4, IL-10, and TNF (P<0.01). However, there were no significant changes in serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in the patient group (P>0.05). In SJIA children, IL-6 level, which was significantly elevated, was negatively correlated with hemoglobin level, which was significantly reduced (r=-0.244, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Serum level of IL-6 is significantly increased in children with SJIA, and it has a negative correlation with anemia.</p>

Inhibition of HIV-1 in vitro by combination of vpr and tat specific short hairpin RNA via lentiviral vectors / 病毒学报

Gene therapy offers the promise of curing the HIV-infected patients. Specific, potent, and sustained short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated gene silencing is crucial for the successful application of RNA interference technology to therapeutic interventions. To reduce the probability of viral escape mutants, in this study, we constructed lentiviral vector containing vpr and tat shRNA, respectively, furthermore the bispecific lentiviral vector harboring vpr and tat shRNA expression cassettes from U6 promotor and H1 promotor was cotransfected with recombinant plasmid expressing the vpr and tat gene. The result showed that the bispecific lentiviral vector plvx-vpr-tatshRNA could inhibit the vpr and tat effectively,with ratios of 89.20% and 62.00% respectively. When cotransfected with pNL4-3 in 293T cell, plvx-vpr-tatshRNA showed higher efficacy in down regulating the HIV NL4-3 packaging production than the plvx-vprshRNA or plvx-tatshRNA individually. MT4 cell clones transduced with recombinant lentiviral vectors were screened and challenged with HIV NL4-3. P24 ELISA test showed that MT4 transduced with the combinational lentiviral vector could inhibit virus replication efficiently.

One case of correlation between the human herpesvirus 7 DNA load and the hemo hagocytic syndrome / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To research the relationship between human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) viral Load and the etiopathogenisis of hemophagocytic syndrome, in order to provide evidence for the clinical diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome and anti-virus therapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peripheral blood of patient with hemophagocytic syndrome during different treatment periods, extracted DNA, Syntheticed the primers of HHV-7, gene sequence of PCR amplified fragments detected, determined HHV-7 viral Load by Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and the ferritin concentration in peripheral blood detected by chemiluminescence.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The sequence result indicated that PCR amplified fragment was a part of HHV-7 gene, the ferritin concentration viried with the load of HHV-7.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The occurrence of hemophagocytic syndrome is connetted with the load of HHV-7.</p>

Transient expression and identification of gene P and NP of NDV LaSota strain in two different cells / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To Construction of P and NP genes eukaryotic expression vectors of Newcastle Disease Virus LaSota strain,study its reverse genetics and functional genome of NDV.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>P, NP genes were amplified and cloned into pGEM-T easy vector and then subcloned into pcDNA3.1 (+) expression vector respectively, the recombinant plasmids were named pcDNA3.1 (+)-P and pcDNA3.1 (+)-NP, Recombinant plasmids were transfected into 293 and BHK-21 cells respectively and were detected using IE and Western blot analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Expression of P, NP genes were detected and confirmed by the IE and WB analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The recombinant eukaryotic plasmids pcDNA3. 1(+)-P, pcDNA3.1 (+)-NP were expressed in 293 and BHK-21 cells successfully. This research may be helpful for further study of reverse genetics and functional genome of NDV.</p>

The correlation between the polyomavirus DNA load and the dose of immunosuppressant / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the correlation between the polyomavirus DNA load and the dose of immunosuppressant in patients with allogene bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) for preventing the development of post-transplantational hemorrhagic cystitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serial blood and urine samples from 122 cases of allo-BMT recipients were obtained and DNA was extracted from urine samples. Polyomavirus DNA-specific probe was synthesized and Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for detecting the polyomavirus DNA loads and Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) was performed for determining the dose of immunosuppressant Cyclosporin A (CsA) in blood.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The altered polyomavirus DNA load in urine was followed by concentration of CsA in blood. When the concentration of CsA in blood was higher than 86-105 ng/ml, the positive rate of polyomavirus DNA load was significantly increased and both presented the linable correlation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In immunosuppression condition, polyomavirus DNA load correlated to the dose of immunosuppressant, which increased the risk of post-transplantational hemorrhagic cystitis.</p>

Back-propagation neural network and genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization of extraction technology of Cortex Fraxini / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To introduce Back-propagation (BP) neural network and genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization of extraction technology of Cortex Fraxini.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>BP neural network was established and optimized with uniform design. Genetic algotithm was used for multi-objective optimization of extraction technology of cortex fraxini.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>the optimization of extraction was as follows: extraction temperature was 99 degrees C, concentration of EtOH was 50%, liquid-solid ratio was 7, extraction time was 94 min. The proportional error between predictive value and practical measured value was just -1.16% and -5.14%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Back-propagation neural network and genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization of extraction technology of cortex fraxini is advisable.</p>

Ertapenem for treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteraemia

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Imipenem and meropenem are treatment of choice for extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-positive gram-negative bacteraemia. They may select for carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ertapenem may not do so as it is inactive against these bacteria. Clinical efficacy of ertapenem in ESBL-producing gramnegative bacteraemia is limited.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>Retrospective study of patients with ESBL-positive gram-negative bacteraemia treated with ertapenem was undertaken.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Forty-seven patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteraemia (79% produced ESBL) were treated with ertapenem for a median duration of 11 days. The median age was 70 years. Septic shock occurred in 19% and mechanical ventilation was needed in 17%. Klebsiella pneumoniae comprised 53% and Escherichia coli 26%. Urinary infection accounted for 61% and hepatobiliary 15%. Favourable clinical response occurred in 96%. Attributable mortality was 4%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ertapenem is promising in culture-guided step-down therapy of ESBL-positive gram-negative bacteraemia.</p>

Correlation between load of polyomavirus and hemorrhagic cystitis / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the correlation between polyoma virus load and hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic stem cells transplantation for prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Blood and urine specimens were collected from 40 healthy persons, 40 patient with stem cells transplantation and 20 cases complicated with hemorrhagic cystitis for determination of VP1 gene of polyomaviruses BK virus (BKV)/Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and EvaGreen stain fluorescence quantitative assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the peripheral blood, all genes of BKV/JCV and SV40 were negative, while BKV gene in urine and blood from healthy persons and patient with stem cells transplantation was 15% (6/40) and 100% (40/40), respectively. The gene of JCV was positive in 10% (4/40) and 12% (5/40), the gene of SV40 was negative.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Genes of BKV and JCV was detectable in urine specimens of healthy persons and there was a correlation between the load of polyomavirus and incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis.</p>

Epidemiological study of the effects of smoking cigarette on thyroid gland / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland volume, thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies in the areas with different iodine intakes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional epidemiological study in Panshan (mild iodine-deficient area), Zhangwu (more than adequate iodine intake area) and Huanghua (iodine-excessive area) was conducted in 3761 subjects in 1999.80.2 % of them were followed up in 2004. Questionnaires, thyroid function, thyroid autoantibodies, urinary iodine concentration,and thyroid B ultrasound were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of goiter was higher in smokers than in non-smokers (15.1% vs. 11.5%, P< 0.05). The average thyroid volume was higher in smokers with phenomenon more obvious in Panshan and Huanghua areas. Data from logistic analysis showed that smoking cigarette was an independent risk factor of goiter. There was no difference in serum TSH and Tg level between smokers and non-smokers. The positive rate of TPOAb (>100 IU/ml) was higher in smokers than in non-smokers(10.8% vs. 9.0 % , P <0.05) and was especially obvious in Huanghua area. Smoking was a independent risk factor of increasing positive rate of TPOAb. During the prospective observation,it was found that the incidence of positive TPOAb(>,100 IU/ml) was 7.4% in the subjects that were from non-smokers turning to smokers and 2.9% in those whose smoking behavior did not change. Logistic analysis indicated that the shifting from non-smoking to smoking was independent risk factor for the increase on high incidence of positive TPOAb.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Smoking cigarette was a independent risk factor of goiter. Smoking was also a risk factor of increasing TPOAb positive rate. Shifting from not smoking to smoking was an independent risk factor of increasing high incidence of positive TPOAb.</p>

The promotive effects of N-nitrosopiperidine on the malignant transformation of the immortalized esophageal epithelium induced by human papillomavirus / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Study on the promotive effects of N-nitrosopiperidine on carcinogenesis process was performed, based on the immortalization of human fetal esophageal epithelium induced by human papillomavirus (HPV) 18E6E7 genes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The immortalized esophageal epithelium SHEE was induced by HPV18E6E7. The cells at 17th passages were cultured in 50 ml flasks. The N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) 0, 2, 4, 8 mmol/L added to the cultured medium of SHEE cells for 3 weeks. The morphology, proliferation and apoptosis of the cells were studied by phase contrast microscopy and flow cytometry. Modal number of chromosomes was analyzed by standard method. Tumorigenicity of the cells was assessed by soft agar colony formation and by transplantation of cells into nude mice. Expression of HPV was detected by Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>When cells were exposed to high concentration (8 mmol/L) of NPIP, cell death was increased, leaving a few live cells. In normal cultural medium instead of NPIP proliferative status of the cells restored after 4 weeks and the cells progressed to the proliferation stage with continuous replication and atypical hyperplasia. At the end of the 8th week, the cells appeared with large colonies in soft-agar and tumor formation in transplanted nude mice. When the cells were cultured in 2, 4 mmol/L NPIP the doubling passage was delayed and without tumor formation in transplanted nude mice. Modal number of chromosomes was 61-65, in 8 mmol/L NPIP group and control group, 56-61. Expression of HPV18 appeared in experimental and control groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>NPIP promotes malignant change of the immortalized esophageal epithelial cells induced by HPV18E6E7. HPV18E6E7 synergy with NPIP will accelerate malignant transformation in esophageal epithelium.</p>