Assessment of the iron status of Filipino adolescents.

The iron nutritional status of 1,153 Filipino adolescents from low, medium and high socio-economic groups was assessed by determination of hemoglobin, FEP, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Prevalence rates of iron deficiency based on FEP and serum ferritin were higher for females than for males. Iron deficiency was more prevalent among adolescents from low socio-economic families. The high prevalence of iron deficiency (24.4%) based on FEP among females from the low socio-economic group may be due to inadequate iron intake and low availability of dietary iron since 79.7% came from vegetable sources. Compared to FEP and transferrin saturation, serum ferritin determination appeared to be more sensitive as an indicator of iron status.

Hemoglobin levels in normal Filipino pregnant women.

The hemoglobin concentrations during pregnancy in Filipinos belonging to the upper income group, who were prescribed 105 mg elemental iron daily, and who had acceptable levels of transferrin saturation, were examined in an attempt to define normal levels. The hemoglobin concentrations for each trimester followed a Gaussian distribution. The hemoglobin values equal to the mean minus one standard deviation were 11.4 gm/dl for the first trimester and 10.4 gm/dl for the second and third trimesters. Using these values as the lower limits of normal, in one group of pregnant women the prevalence of anemia during the last two trimesters was found lower than that obtained when WHO levels for normal were used. Groups of women with hemoglobin of 10.4 to 10.9 gm/dl (classified anemic by WHO criteria but normal in the present study) and those with 11.0 gm/dl and above could not be distinguished on the basis of their serum ferritin levels nor on the degree of decrease in their hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy. Many subjects in both groups, however, had serum ferritin levels less than 12 ng/ml which indicate poor iron stores. It might be desirable in future studies to determine the hemoglobin cut-off point that will delineate subjects who are both non-anemic and adequate in iron stores using serum ferritin levels as criterion for the latter.

Hematological effects of prenatal iron supplementation on mothers and their infants.

Infants born to mothers who served an subjects of an iron supplementation study among pregnant women were followed-up for one year to assess the benefits derived by the infants from the iron treatment of the mothers. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels at one to three months after birth were not statistically different between infants of iron-treated and untreated mothers. Infants aged six to twelve months who have not received any dietary iron supplement and were born from iron-treated mothers tended to have slightly higher hemoglobin levels than infants born to mothers not treated with iron during pregnancy but differences were not statistically significant. Mean hemoglobin levels for the infants aged six to twelve months who received daily iron supplement were significantly higher compared to hemoglobin levels of infants with either no iron or with intermittent iron supplement. Initial hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of pregnant mothers before supplementation and at one month postpartum, which were included in the report, showed higher gains in hemoglobin levels for the anemic mothers treated with iron compared to the gain found for the placebo group.

Iron supplementation studies among pregnant women.

The effect of iron supplementation alone or in combination with ascorbic acid as a preventive and or corrective measure against anemia were tested using pregnant women seeking pre-natal consultation at various health centers in Greater Manila Area. One tablet containing 65 mg iron alone or in combination with ascorbic acid per day during a supplementation period which varied from 16.5 to 17.8 weeks maintained initial hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in non-anemic women. Three tablets of the same iron preparation (total of 195 mg iron) daily resulted in significant increases in hemoglobin and hematocrit in anemic women. Ascorbic acid had no apparent beneficial effect. Considering the positive response to iron treatment, it is recommended that a nationwide program of iron supplementation of pregnant Filipinos be undertaken.