Comparative evaluation of antibacterial property and substantivity of chlorhexidine containing dentifrices with sodium lauryl sulfate and Tween as surfactants: An in vivo study.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the antibacterial property and substantivity of chlorhexidine containing dentifrices with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Tween as surfactants. Materials and Methods: It is a double-blind cross over the study, a total of 20 children within their mixed dentition period (7-13 year) having Streptococci mutans count more than 106 were selected for the main study. Three types of chlorhexidine containing dentifrices were used with a washout period of 1 week. Out of the three toothpastes, one was without surfactant and other two toothpastes contained SLS and Tween as surfactants respectively. 20 volunteers brushed for 1 min during the study day with their assigned toothpaste. Saliva samples were collected before brushing, immediately after brushing and 1, 3, 5, and 7 hand sent for microbial analysis. The culture carried out by inoculating saliva sample onto Mitis salivarius agar for selective isolation of S. mutans followed by counting of colony forming unit. Results: Group I and III (Chlorhexidine and CHX + Tween) had shown statistically significant reduction in bacterial count until 7 h when compared to their baseline values (P < 0.001). Group II toothpaste (CHX + SLS) had shown significant reduction in bacterial count until 3 h only. On inter group comparison, Group III had shown good amount of percentage reduction in bacterial count when compared to other groups. Conclusion: CHX + Tween toothpaste had shown statistically significant reduction in antibacterial activity and substantivity than other groups. These findings show chlorhexidine containing toothpaste with non-ionic surfactant will be able to maintain the antibacterial property and substantivity of chlorhexidine.

Reattachment Of Embedded Tooth Fragment: A Case Report.

Soft tissue injuries are relatively common following traumatic dental injuries in children. This report describes a case of a nine year old girl who had a foreign body embedded in the lower lip due to fall, while playing. Thorough clinical examination followed by soft tissue radiographs confirmed the presence of a fractured incisal fragment, which was surgically retrieved under local anesthesia. The fragment was then reattached using a dentin bonding agent. Fragment reattachment is a realistic alternative to resin composite buildup for restoring esthetics and function of the traumatized dentition. The natural fragments can be used to ensure the restoration “ad integrum” of the dental crown by simple bonding. With expected improved bonding technology in the future, these fragments may serve for many years.

Antibacterial effect of bioactive glass in combination with powdered enamel and dentin.

Background and Objectives: In endodontics, various intracanal medications have been advocated to eliminate bacteria after root canal instrumentation. A recent study has revealed that addition of powdered dentin to bioactive glass (BAG) led to increased glass dissolution, and an increased antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to compare the effect of enamel and dentin powder on the antibacterial efficacy of a commercially available BAG. Materials and Methods: Dentin blocks (dbs) were prepared from single rooted human teeth. These dbs were infected with Enterococcus faecalis for two weeks in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB), while negative controls were kept in sterile TSB. In group I, the infected dbs were filled with BAG, in group II with BAG + Enamel powder and group III with BAG + Dentin powder. Dentin samples were harvested from the dbs and cultured. Statistical Analysis: Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was used for multiple group comparison followed by Scheffe's post hoc test for pair-wise comparisons. Results: All the combinations of BAG evaluated significantly reduced the bacterial counts compared to the control group. However, at the end of 24 hours, three days, and five days BAG + Dentin powder showed significant reduction ( P < 0.01) in bacterial counts compared to the other experimental groups. Conclusion: Among the various materials evaluated, it appeared that though BAG exhibits antimicrobial efficacy, the addition of powdered enamel and dentin in aqueous suspension definitely enhanced this property. However, the addition of enamel powder BAG did not significantly alter its antimicrobial efficacy compared to BAG + dentin powder.

Avaliação comparativa do Carisolv na remoção da dentina cariada em molares decíduos: estudo in vitro / Comparative evaluation of Carisolv in removal of carious dentin in primary molar teeth: in vitro study

Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a eficiência e efetividade do Carisolv na remoção de tecido cariado em molares decíduos. Método: Trinta molares decíduos cariados foram seccionados mésio-distalmente e obtidos 60 espécimes. O Carisolv foi utilizado para remoção do tecido cariado nas 30 seções as quais foram denominadas de Grupo Experimental (GE) e nas 30 seções restantes executou-se a remoção convencional, sendo denominado de Grupo Controle (GC). O tempo gasto para a remoção foi registrado (em minutos) e comparado entre os grupos. Todas as amostras foram analisadas quanto à quantidade de dentina desminaralizada remanescente sob estereomicroscópio. O valores foram registrados em microns. A quantidade de tecido cariado remanescente foi verificada por meio da aplicação de corantes detectores de cárie. Em seguida, a dureza da dentina remanescente foi analisada através da dureza Vicker's, sendo realizada a comparação entre os grupos através do uso do Teste T de Student. Resultados: Verificou-se que os valores médios para a remoção da dentina cariada mostraram-se estatisticamente significante e maiores para o Carisolv (GE) quando comparado à remoção convencional (GC). Ademais, observou-se que a remoção com o Carisolv deixa muito mais quantidade de dentina desmineralizada e a camada de dentina apresenta menor dureza quando comparada à remoção convencional. Conclusão: Carisolv mostrou-se menos efetivo e eficiente quando comparado à remoção de tecido cariado convencional que demanda maior tempo para remoção do tecido cariado. Além do mais, a remoção com Carisolv deixa maior quantidade de dentina desmineralizada, a qual possui menor dureza do que as amostras obtidas com a remoção convencional.

Effect of surface treatment with remineralizing on the color stability and roughness of esthetic restorative materials / Efeito do tratamento de superfície na estabilidade de cor e aspereza em materiais restauradores estéticos

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro effect of fluoride varnish, APF gel and MI paste on the color stability and surface roughness of esthetic restorative materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 disks of each conventional glass ionomer and resin composite were made using molds of 1.2 cm x 2 mm. All the specimens were suspended in artificial saliva for 48 hours at 37ºC. Subsequently, fluoride varnish, APF gel, and MI paste were applied to all the subgroups except the controls. All the specimens were again suspended in artificial saliva and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. After incubation, they were cleaned using a toothbrush and toothpaste, and stored in the artificial saliva for 1 week. During this period, the specimens were subjected to color and surface roughness measurement. RESULTS: Measurements were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and compared between two groups by Student’s t test. One way ANOVA was used for multiple group comparison and Tukey’s test for pair wise comparison. CONCLUSION: The deterioration of GIC material was more rapid compared to composites when fluoride varnish, APF gels and GC Tooth Mousse were applied. The use of remineralizing agents on esthetic restorative materials causes changes in color and surface texture.

OBJETIVOS: A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o efeito in vitro do verniz com flúor, do gel APF e da pasta MI na estabilidade de cor e aspereza de superfícies de materiais restauradores estéticos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: 60 discos de cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional e 60 de resina composta foram produzidos usando moldes de 1,2 cm x 2 mm. Todos os corpos de prova foram mantidos em saliva artificial por 48 horas a 37oC. Em seguida, verniz fluorado, gel APF e pasta MI foram aplicados a todos os subgrupos, com exceção do grupo controle. Todos os corpos de prova foram novamente imergidos em saliva artificial e incubados a 37oC por 24 horas. Após a incubação, eles foram limpos utilizando escova de dentes e pasta, sendo mantidos em saliva artificial por uma semana. Durante esse período, os corpos foram submetidos a medições de coloração e de aspereza de superfície. RESULTADOS: As medidas foram expressas como medianas +- de desvio-padrão e comparadas entre dois grupos pelo teste t de Student. ANOVA foi usada para comparação entre grupos e o teste de Tukey foi utilizado para comparações por pares. CONCLUSÃO: A deterioração do ionômero de vidro foi mais rápida quando comparada com os compósitos pela aplicação de verniz com flúor, gel APF e pasta GC dental. O uso de agentes remineralizantes nas restaurações estéticas pode causar alterações de cor e textura de superfície.

Effect of glutaraldehyde and ferric sulfate on shear bond strength of adhesives to primary dentin.

AIM: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of alternative pulpotomy agents such as glutaraldehyde and ferric sulfate on the shear bond strength of self-etch adhesive systems to dentin of primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty human primary molar teeth were sectioned in a mesiodistal direction and divided into experimental and control groups. Lingual dentin specimens in experimental groups were treated with glutaraldehyde and ferric sulfate. Buccal surfaces soaked in water served as control group. Each group was then divided into two groups based on the adhesive system used: Clearfil SE Bond and Adper Prompt L-Pop. A teflon mold was used to build the composite (Filtek Z-250) cylinders on the dentinal surface of all the specimens. Shear bond strength was tested for all the specimens with an Instron Universal Testing Machine. The failure mode analysis was performed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). RESULTS: The results revealed that glutaraldehyde and ferric sulfate significantly reduced the shear bond strength of the tested adhesive systems to primary dentin. Clearfil SE Bond showed much higher shear bond strength than Adper Prompt L Pop to primary dentin. SEM analysis revealed a predominant cohesive failure mode for both adhesive systems. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the pulpotomy medicaments glutaraldehyde and ferric sulfate adversely affected the bonding of self-etch adhesive systems to primary dentin.

The effect of water purification systems on fluoride content of drinking water.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of different water purification systems on the fluoride content of drinking water and to compare the efficacy of these water purification systems in reducing the fluoride content. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five different water purification systems were tested in this study. They were reverse osmosis, distillation, activated carbon, Reviva , and candle filter. The water samples in the study were of two types, viz, borewell water and tap water, these being commonly used by the people of Davangere City, Karnataka. The samples were collected before and after purification, and fluoride analysis was done using fluoride ion-specific electrode. RESULTS: The results showed that the systems based on reverse osmosis, viz, reverse osmosis system and Reviva showed maximum reduction in fluoride levels, the former proving to be more effective than the latter; followed by distillation and the activated carbon system, with the least reduction being brought about by candle filter. The amount of fluoride removed by the purification system varied between the system and from one source of water to the other. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Considering the beneficial effects of fluoride on caries prevention; when drinking water is subjected to water purification systems that reduce fluoride significantly below the optimal level, fluoride supplementation may be necessary. The efficacy of systems based on reverse osmosis in reducing the fluoride content of water indicates their potential for use as defluoridation devices.

Sealing ability and thermal diffusivity of cavity lining materials: an in vitro study.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the sealing ability and the thermal insulating capability of four different cavity lining materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty noncarious human mandibular second premolars that were extracted for orthodontic treatment were collected, cleaned, and stored in distilled water. These premolars were randomly divided into four groups of ten teeth each for treatment with the different cavity lining materials. Group I teeth were treated with cavity varnish, group II teeth with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), group III teeth with dentin bonding agent, and group IV teeth with resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Electrical resistance and the difference in the time-temperature curve of the external surface and the pulp side [A D -A P ] of each tooth following heat and cold application for 120 s were measured before and after cavity lining placement to determine the sealing ability and thermal insulating property, respectively. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. For paired data, paired t-test and Wilcoxon's signed rank test were used. One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between multiple groups and the Mann-Whitney U test for comparisons between pairs. RESULTS: The mean difference in electrical resistance (in K ohm) of different cavity lining materials were as follows: group I = +3.53, group II = -1.00, group III = +20.43, and group IV = +11.44. The mean differences in the area (A D -A P ) under the time-temperature curve following heat application were as follows: group I = 6.6 mm 2 , group II = 15.3 mm 2 , group III = 130.5 mm 2 , and group IV = 412.0 mm 2 . The mean differences in the area (A D -A P ) under the time-temperature curve following cold application were as follows: group I = 24.5 mm 2 , group II = 3.2 mm 2 , group III = 314.9 mm 2 , and group IV = 480.5 mm 2 . CONCLUSION: Dentin bonding agent and RMGIC provided effective sealing of the dentinal tubules and significant thermal insulation when compared to the other tested cavity lining materials.

A comparison between audio and audiovisual distraction techniques in managing anxious pediatric dental patients.

Pain is not the sole reason for fear of dentistry. Anxiety or the fear of unknown during dental treatment is a major factor and it has been the major concern for dentists for a long time. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the two distraction techniques, viz, audio distraction and audiovisual distraction, in management of anxious pediatric dental patients. Sixty children aged between 4-8 years were divided into three groups. Each child had four dental visits--screening visit, prophylaxis visit, cavity preparation and restoration visit, and extraction visit. Child's anxiety level in each visit was assessed using a combination of four measures: Venham's picture test, Venham's rating of clinical anxiety, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation. The values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. It was concluded that audiovisual distraction technique was more effective in managing anxious pediatric dental patient as compared to audio distraction technique.

A comparison of impact strength of fragment-bonded anterior teeth using three different restorative materials: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the impact strength of fractured anterior teeth reattached using three different restorative materials and compare their impact strengths to those of control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty human maxillary permanent central incisors were selected and divided into control and experimental groups. The teeth in the experimental groups were fractured and then bonded using Composite resin, Compomer and resin-modified GIC. Intact teeth served as control. All the specimens were then tested in an impact testing machine. RESULTS: The results revealed statistically significant differences between Compomer and resin-modified GIC groups, control and experimental groups. No statistically significant differences were observed between Composite resin and Compomer groups. CONCLUSION: Thus the fractured fragments bonded with Composite resin and Compomer provided better adhesion than resin-modified GIC.

A comparative evaluation of four restorative materials to support undermined occlusal enamel of permanent teeth.

The purpose of this study was to test the support to undermined occlusal enamel provided by posterior restorative composite (FiltekTM P60, 3M Dental products USA), polyacid modified resin composite (F2000 compomer, 3M Dental products, USA.), radiopaque silver alloy-glass ionomer cement (Miracle Mix. GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and Glass Ionomer cement (Fuji IX GP). To test each material, 20 human permanent mandibular third molars were selected. The lingual cusps were removed and the dentin supporting the facial cusps was cut away, leaving a shell of enamel. Each group of prepared teeth was restored using the materials according to the manufacturer's instructions. All the specimens were thermocycled (250 cycles, 6 degrees C- 60 degrees C, dwell time 30 seconds) and then mounted on an acrylic base. Specimens were loaded evenly across the cusp tips at a crosshead speed of 5 mm /minute in Hounsfield universal testing machine until fracture occurred. Data obtained was analyzed using analysis of variance and Studentized- Newman- Keul's range test. No significant differences were detected in the support provided by P-60, F 2000, Miracle Mix or Fuji IX GP groups. The support provided to undermined occlusal enamel by these materials was intermediate between no support and that provided by sound dentin. Without further development in dental material technology and evidence of its efficacy, restorative materials should not be relied upon to support undermined occlusal enamel to a level comparable to that provided by sound dentin.

Music distraction - Its efficacy in management of anxious pediatric dental patients.

Managing the anxiety of pediatric dental patient has long been the purview of dentists over many years. Various techniques have been used with moderate and variant success rates over the last few years. The main aim of this study was to ascertain if music distraction is an effective means of managing anxiety in pediatric dental patients. Forty children aged between 4 and 8 years were selected for the study. The assessment of anxiety was done using Venham's picture test, Venham's anxiety rating scale, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation during different treatment visits. The values were statistically analyzed and it was concluded that audio distraction did decrease the anxiety level in pediatric dental patients, but not to a very significant level.

Comparison of shear bond strength of composite, compomer and resin modified glass ionomer in primary and permanent teeth: an in vitro study.

The aim of this study was to determine the difference in shear bond strength between Composite, Compomer and Resin modified glass ionomer cement in primary and permanent teeth. Thirty extracted primary molars and thirty premolars were selected and buccal surfaces of all the teeth were made smooth with the help of 300 grit silicon carbide paper. These specimens were then divided into 6 groups. Restorative materials were placed on the buccal surfaces of respective specimens with the help of acrylic template. All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling and shear bond strength was tested under the Honsfield testing machine and results were recorded in megapascals (MPa). The resultant scores were tabulated and statistically analysed. It was observed that in case of primary teeth resin modified glass ionomer exhibited significantly higher shear bond strength as compared to composite and compomer, where as on permanent teeth composite demonstrated a significantly higher shear bond strength than that of the resin modified glass ionomer and compomer, where as compomer gave poor shear bond strength in both primary and permanent teeth.

The marginal seal of a flowable composite, an injectable resin modified glass ionomer and a compomer in primary molars--an in vitro study.

The present study was carried out to compare the marginal microleakage of some newer materials viz. a flowable composite, an injectable resin modified glass-ionomer and a compomer in Class I cavities of 30 non carious primary molars. After 0.5% basic fuchsin dye penetration and sectioning, the teeth were studied under stereomicroscope. The results obtained revealed that flowable composite showed significantly lower microleakage (p<0.05) as compared to injectable resin-modified glass ionomer and compomer. However, no significant difference was observed when injectable resin modified glass-ionomer cement was compared to compomer. This concludes that flowable composite materials adhere better to the primary teeth than resin modified glass ionomer and compomer.

Applicability of Demirjian's method of age assessment in children of Davangere.

The assessment of age is an important facet in providing information in demographic studies and is of clinical use to diagnose and plan the treatment. The objective of this study was to determine whether the standards of dental maturation given by Demirjian et al are applicable to Davangere children and to assess the relationship between the obtained dental age and skeletal age. The study group comprised of 151 healthy children of 6-15 years age. It was found that Davangere children were dentally more advanced. Demirjians method gave an over estimation of 1.20 +/- 1.02 years and 0.90 +/- 0.87 years in males and females respectively. The obtained dental age was found to be different from the skeletal age. It may be concluded that Demirjians method of dental maturation is not applicable to the children of Davangere.

Laser and visible light cured pit and fissure sealants--comparison of microleakage at enamel-sealant interface: an in vitro study.

The efficacy of Argon laser in comparison with Visible light was assessed by the extent of marginal leakage of three commercially available pit and fissure sealants at enamel sealant interface. Enameloplasty and penetration by Rhodamine dye revealed higher degree of microleakage in Argon laser cured samples. Concise Sealant (3M) showed lesser amount of microleakage in both the curing techniques.

Foreign body in a mandibular permanent molar--a case report.

A thirteen-year-old boy was examined in the Department of Pedodontics during a school-screening programme. On examination the left mandibular first permanent molar was found to be grossly destroyed. On radiographic evaluation a radio opaque screw shaped foreign object was seen in the pulp chamber of the said tooth. Retrieval of the foreign object was tried but the attempt was unsuccessful and an extraction was planned. A case of a unique foreign object in the pulp chamber of the tooth is reported.

A dermatoglyphic predictive and comparative study of Class I, Class II, div. 1, div.2 and Class III malocclusions.

A study was conducted using dermatoglyphics to predict and compare Class I, Class II, div. 1, div.2 and Class III malocclusions. A total of 96 subjects were divided into 3 malocclusion groups, i.e. Class I (control group), Class II, div.1, div.2 and Class III (experimental group) in the ages of 12-14 years. The dermatoglyphic findings revealed that the craniofacial Class II, div. 1, div.2 pattern was associated with increased frequency of arches and ulnar loops and decreased frequency of whorls, whereas in Class III, there was an increased frequency of arches and radial loops with decreased frequency of ulnar loops. In predicting Class III malocclusion, based on frequency of arches, the sensitivity values were found to be higher and more reliable than the sensitivity values of Class II, div.1 and div.2 malocclusion.