A multicentric community survey on animal exposures among humans in India

Background: Rabies is a 100% fatal disease. There are inadequate data on animal exposures and rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) from community-based field surveys in India. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to estimate the incidence of animal exposures (bite, scratch, or lick) in the study population and to describe the rabies PEP among the cases. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted in seven states of India between July and November, 2017. In each state, multistage sampling methodology was followed for selection of district, taluka/tehsil, block, and clusters within the block. The primary sampling unit was a household (HH). A case was a patient with animal exposure (bite, scratch, or lick) in the last 1 year from the date of survey. The animal exposure was categorized based on the WHO guidelines (Category-I, Category-II, and Category-III). The patients with the history of multiple animal exposures any time during the survey period was considered as a single case. Results: A total of 1012 HHs were surveyed covering a population of 4294. 3016 (70.2%) participants were from rural settings and 1278 (29.8%) were living in urban settings. 2181 (50.8%) participants were male and 2113 (49.2%) were female. The annual incidence of animal exposure was 1.26% (confidence interval [CI]: 0.93%�59%). The annual incidence in urban setting was 1.33% (0.70 - 1.96) and rural settings were 1.23% (CI: 0.84 - 1.62). Majority (68.5%) of the cases were from rural settings, 61.2% of the cases were in the age group of 15� years. Among the 43 cases who had received PEP, 21 had Category-II exposures, of whom 66.7% had completed vaccination with either five doses intramuscular or four doses intradermal route. Similarly, 22 had Category-III exposures and only 4 (18.2%) cases had received rabies immunoglobulin and completed rabies vaccination. Six ( 11.1%) cases did not receive PEP. There was no report of human rabies case. Conclusion: The incidence of animal exposure was 1.26%. Rabies PEP in the cases was not satisfactory.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of plant extract of Lantana camara.

Natural products continue to play an important role in the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals. Several chemical compounds have been extracted and identified from its species known as Lantana camara (L .camara). The present study was designed for phytochemical analysis of L. camara and extraction of bioactive compound by HPLC. This also included the antimicrobial activity of the bio active compound obtained by crude extract and the column extract. The study showed the presence of the bioactive component parthenin extracted from the HPLC analysis at a peak height of 10.3807 and it was showing antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and E. fecalis, crude (6.8 to 8.1 mm ) and column (4.0 to 6.2 mm) zone of inhibition.

Comparison of sagittal and vertical dental changes during first phase of orthodontic treatment with MBT vs ROTH prescription.

Objective: The present study was to evaluate and compare anchorage loss in sagittal, vertical dimension in incisal, molar segments and distal tipping of upper canine after first phase of orthodontic mechanotherapy utilizing MBT and ROTH philosophies. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with class I dentoalveolar malocclusion requiring extraction of all first premolars were randomly assigned into group I and group II. Set of two lateral cephalograms (T1) and (T2) were obtained with appliance in place and after sufficient leveling and aligning respectively. Linear measurements were recorded on the tracings using Pancherz analysis. A Wilcoxon t-test was use to assess the linear changes. Results: In group I sample, upper and lower incisors retroclined during T1 - T2; by mean (SD) value of 2.267 (1.0032) mm, 2.4 (0.98) mm, respectively. Group II sample showed upper incisor proclination by -0.4 (1.404) and lower incisal retroclination by 0.06 (1.48). Upper and lower molars in group I remained stationary and group II upper and lower molars moved mesially by -1.133 (0.351) and -0.002 (0.005). In group I, upper and lower incisors extruded by -0.867 (0.611) and -0.67 (0.703), respectively, and group II the upper and lower incisors extruded by -0.9 (0.507) and -0.133 (0.639). Upper canine tipped distally during T1 - T2 in group I by -0.33° (2.609) and group II there was a change in distal tip of upper canine by -3° (3.184). Conclusion: Results from this random clinical trial showed that MBT technique effectively addressed perceived inadequacies of ROTH philosophy.

Valacyclovir: Development, treatment and pharmacokinetics.

Acyclovir a specific and selective inhibitor of herpes virus has been used safely and effectively. The bioavailability of the drug is low results in poor absorption of drug. Valacyclovir is the L- valyl ester prodrug of Acyclovir. It is used in the treatment of Herpes simplex virus and Varicella zoster virus. After oral administration it is rapidly converted to acyclovir in the Gastro intestinal tract and liver, which increases the bioavailability of acyclovir three to five times that of acyclovir alone.