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Background: Intestinal anastomosis is an operative procedure that is of central importance in the practice of surgery. Intestinal anastomosis after resection of bowel may be of various types and techniques. This prospective comparative study is performed to evaluate the safety in term of anastomotic leak of single layer interrupted extramucosal technique as compared to conventional double layer technique. Methods: The patients selected for this study are those who were admitted with various clinical conditions requiring resection and anastomosis of small or large bowel presented to P.D.U. Medical College & Hospital, Rajkot between a period of August 2012 to December 2014. A total of 50 patients were included in the study. All the patients above the age of 18 years and less than 60 years, requiring intestinal anastomosis on emergency or electively, were included in the study and those requiring anastomosis to esophageal, gastric and duodenal anastomosis were excluded and randomly allotted single layer and double layer groups and results such as anastomotic leak rate, duration for anastomosis, number of suture material required noted. Results: Mean duration required for single layer anastomosis was 19.6 minutes and for double layer anastomosis was 29.5 minutes and double number of suture material used in double layer anastomosis with equal anastomotic leak rate (6%) in each group. Conclusions: Single layer interrupted extramucosal technique required significantly less duration for anastomosis, is cost effective with no significant difference in anastomotic leak rate and as safe as conventional double layer technique.
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Endurance athletes require a very efficient oxygen transport system for maximal aerobic power during physical work performance. Many studies carried on endurance athletes suggested low levels of red blood cell markers leading to misconception of existence of so called sports anaemia in athletes. Sometimes athletes are on needless iron supplementation and are concern about anaemia. The main objectives of the study were to investigate the red cell population markers and to study the sports anaemia phenomenon in endurance athletes and the underlying responses responsible for ot. 60 male endurance track and field runners age group 18-21 were selected from the local city based club named Vasant Desai Krida Sangh Akola and were compared with the age, height sex matched non athletes students of Govt. Medical College Akola. The seven red blood cell markers were studied from the blood samples taken from the cubital vein under standard conditions. The blood variables for both the groups were analyzed with an automatic cell counter. The mean values of Hb(12.27 gm% +/- 0.782), RBC count in(3.64millions per cu mm+/-0.52), hematocrit ( 41.58 % +/- 1.32), mean corpuscular Hb conc (MCHC 29.49% +/- 1.198) were all very significantly lower ( p<0.0001) as compare to controls. Whereas the plasma volume (58.412% +/- 1.32), Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV 115.06 cu microns+/- 11.54)), Mean Hb conc (MCH 33.998 picogms+/- 2.608), were significantly increased in endurance athletes. Though decrease in Hb conc, Low RBC count and less hematocrit in endurance athletes indicate presence of anaemia in them but it’s not a true anaemia as it is also confirmed by MCV, MCH, MCHC values between the two groups. The significant differences between the groups are due to the response to endurance training leading to hemo dilutional anaemia caused by plasma volume expansion which increases the blood volume in endurance athletes helping them for better oxygen supply and aerobic power needed during physical work.
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Ethosomes are noninvasive delivery carriers that enable drugs to reach the deep skin layers and the systemic circulation. Although ethosomal systems are conceptually sophisticated, they are simple in their preparation, safe for use a combination that can highly expand their application. Ethosomes are soft, malleable vesicles tailored for enhanced delivery of active agents. Because of their unique structure, ethosomes are able to encapsulate and deliver through the skin highly lipophilic molecules such as cannabinoids, testosterone, and minoxidil, as well as cationic drugs such as propranolol, trihexaphenidyl, Cyclosporine, insulin, salbutamol etc. Enhanced delivery of bioactive molecules through the skin and cellular membranes by means of an ethosomal carrier opens numerous challenges and opportunities for the research and future development of novel improved therapies. Ethosomes are gaining popularity in designing drug delivery systems for topical and transdermal use for their capability to reach deep skin layers and systemic circulation. Although ethosomes are conceptually sophisticated, they are simple in preparation and safe for use. Although with their high efficiency, the ethosomes show potential for expansion of their applications. The aim of the review to make a comprehensive account on properties and preparation of ethosomes followed by the characterization and the list of drugs encapsulated in ethosomes in last 15 years.
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Background: Testicular tumors in the pediatric population are distinct from those of the adults. In contrast to the prevalence data reported in tumor registries, several studies have shown that a majority of the prepubertal testis tumors are benign. We retrospectively analyzed a series of prepubertal testicular tumors. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of all testicular tumors at our institution was done from Jan 1999 to Dec 2008. Data relating to presentation, evaluation, and management were collected. Results: A total of 22 children with prepubertal testicular tumors were identified. The mean age at presentation was 4.6 years. Mature teratoma, epidermoid cysts, immature teratoma, and yolk sac tumor accounted for 49.94%, 13.62%, 9.08%, and 18.16%, respectively. All surgeries were successful with respect to cancer control and testicular preservation. Conclusions: Benign tumors formed the majority (72.64%) of the tumors that were encountered, with yolk sac tumors (18.16%) being a minority. Testicular preserving surgery appears to be a feasible option for benign tumors and is safe and efficacious in long-term follow-up.