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Purpose: Ripasudil is a class of drug which alters the trabecular meshwork to increase the aqueous outflow and has been shown to be effective in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXF G). This study aimed at assessing the efficacy and safety profile of ripasudil as an adjunct treatment in patients with PXF G at maximal tolerated antiglaucoma medications. Methods: In this prospective, interventional study, 40 patients with PXF G were enrolled between May 2021 and Jan 2022. Ripasudil 0.4% was started as an adjunctive drug to the ongoing antiglaucoma medications. On follow?up visits at 1, 3, and 6 months, the visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior segment, and fundus findings were evaluated. The premedication and postmedication IOP values were compared by paired t?test, and a P?value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Average age at recruitment was 60.02 ± 8.74 years. Baseline premedication IOP was 25.375 ± 3.276 mmHg. IOP reduction at 6 months was found to be statistically significant in all patients, with the maximal response being 24.13%. Also, 87.5% (35/40) of patients reached target IOP or even lower IOP at the end of study. There was no statistically significant association between the PXF grade and IOP. However, the grade of inferior iridocorneal angle pigmentation was found to be higher in eyes with elevated IOP (P < 0.05). Only three patients developed conjunctival hyperemia as an adverse reaction, which was mild and transient. Conclusion: Ripasudil showed additional IOP?lowering effect with other antiglaucoma medications and exhibited no significant side effects
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Background: Fluid, electrolytes, and energy (FEE) management is important in the treatment of acute nondiarrheal illnesses. However, the use of FEE drinks in managing such illnesses is not well-documented. Objective: This study aimed to understand physicians’ knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and perceived patient outcomes in treating FEE deficits in acute nondiarrheal illnesses using FEE drinks in India. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional respondent-blinded survey was designed and administered among practicing physicians across various specialties and prescribing statuses in India. KAP among groups of physicians was assessed, and the correlations between knowledge– attitudes, knowledge–practice, and knowledge–perceived outcomes were explored. Results: A total of 494 physicians participated in the study from September to October 2021. Overall, knowledge scores were moderate. Prescribers had a higher average knowledge score and more proactive attitudes and practices as compared to nonprescribers. Most physicians agreed that FEE management recommendations could improve patients’ recovery speed. There were significant positive correlations between knowledge scores and physicians’ attitudes toward the importance of FEE management awareness, the importance of FEE management for patient recovery, and a physician’s perception that FEE drinks improved patients’ recovery time. There was no significant correlation between knowledge score and practices. Conclusion: There may be benefits from improving the knowledge of physicians in India in FEE management and developing guidelines for the use of FEE drinks in acute nondiarrheal illnesses. Further research exploring the knowledge–practice gap and evaluating the clinical benefit of FEE drinks in acute nondiarrheal illnesses should also be undertaken to develop such guidelines.
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Purpose: To retrospectively study impact of preoperative posterior segment evaluation on surgical intervention in camp patients recruited for cataract surgery in Gujarat India. Methods: Retrospective analysis of six months data collected from hospital electronic medical record (EMR) system of 9820 admitted patients recruited from screening camp for cataract surgery from 1/10/2019 to 31/3/2020 in Tertiary Eye Hospital in Gujarat, India, has been done. Comprehensive clinical evaluation, of both anterior and posterior segment which included detailed history; best corrected visual acuity (BCVA); intraocular pressure measurement with non?contact tonometer (NCT) and when required with Goldman applanation tonometer; slit lamp examination; and fundus examination with + 90 diopter lens as well as indirect ophthalmoscope as and when indicated. In case there was no view of retina, a B?scan ultrasound was done to rule out any posterior segment pathology. Immediate surgical intervention done was assessed and results analyzed in percentage. Results: Cataract surgery was advised for 8390 patients (85.43%). Surgical intervention for management of glaucoma was done for 68 patients (0.692%). Retina intervention was done for 86 patients. Posterior segment evaluation changed immediate surgical plane of management for 154 (1.57%) patients. Conclusion: Comprehensive clinical evaluation is economical and should be mandatory especially in community services as comorbid conditions like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and other varied posterior segment diseases contribute significantly to visual disability in elderly age group. It is difficult to follow these patients later if manageable comorbidity is not informed about and if indicated dealt simultaneously for visual rehabilitation of patient.
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Purpose: To study the epidemiological pattern, prevalence, types, and correlates of age?related cataracts in a tertiary care center in central India. Methods: This hospital?based single?center cross?sectional study was conducted on 2,621 patients diagnosed with cataracts for 3 years. Data pertaining to demography, socio?economic profile, cataract grading, cataract types, and associated risk factors were evaluated. Statistical analysis using unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and multivariate logistic regression was performed, with P-value <0.05 considered significant with the power of the study being 95%. Results: The commonest age group affected was 60–79 years, closely followed by the 40–59 years age group. The prevalence of nuclear sclerosis (NS), cortical (CC), and posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) was found to be 65.2% (3,418), 24.6% (1,289), and 43.4% (2,276), respectively. Among mixed cataracts, (NS + PSC) had the highest prevalence of 39.8%. Smokers were found to have 1.17 times higher odds of developing NS than non?smokers. Diabetics had 1.12 times higher odds of developing NS cataracts and 1.04 times higher odds of developing CC. Patients with hypertension showed 1.27 times higher odds of developing NS and 1.32 times higher odds of developing CC. Conclusion: The prevalence of cataracts in the pre?senile age group (<60 years) was found to have increased significantly (35.7%). A higher prevalence of PSC (43.4%) was found in studied subjects, as compared to the data of previous studies. Smoking, diabetes, and hypertension were found to have a positive association with a higher prevalence of cataracts.
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Background: Tridax procumbens Linn. is a spreading herb found throughout India. Tridax procumbens is known for several potential therapeutic effects like antiviral, antioxidant, anti-infective, wound healing, insecticidal and anti- inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic. Novel therapies for inflammation are essential to overcome the adverse effects of existing anti-inflammatory drugs. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity in the experimental animal. Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory efficacy in experimental animal Materials and Methods: Tridax procumbens plant leaves were taken for the study. The Plant extraction was prepared by using the Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extract was used as a test drug. Indomethacin and Dexamethasone were used as control drugs. Wistar rats weighing 150g to -200g were used in the study. Results: At dosages of 200 and 400 mg kg-1 , the ethanolic leaf extracts of Tridax Procumbens demonstrated substantial anti-inflammatory activity against Irish Moss-triggered inflammation. After 3 hours, 400 mgkg-1 showed a significant reduction in inflammation (48 percent), with the impact increasing after 3 hours (52 percent). The anti-inflammatory efficacy of Tridax Procumbens ethanol (EtOH) extracts was substantial and comparable to that of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). Tridax procumbens ‘s Ethanol (EtOH) leaf extract at a dose of 200 and 400 mgkg-1 , demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory action. The average weight of granulomatous surrounding tissue in the threading was considerably smaller in the Tridax procumbens extraction group after 7 days than in the comparison group. The 400 mg kg-1 dose was shown to be the most effective of the two. the greatest reduction in the production of granuloma tissue. Tridax procumbens at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg resulted in substantial reductions in granuloma weights of 38.16 ± 0.04 (7.4 percent inhibition) and 34.58 ± 0.04 (16.1 percent inhibition), respectively. The lower dose of 400 mg/kg resulted in a little lesser reduction in granumola weight than the conventional medication dexamethasone (28.92 ± 0.04). (29.8 percent inhibition). Conclusion: The present study concludes that Tridax Procumbens possess anti-inflammatory effects in animal models.
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Background & objectives: Accurate and early diagnosis is imperial in the management of endometriosis, endometrioid carcinoma of ovary (ECO) and endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC), yet there are no definitive diagnostic methods available for these diseases. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of differentially expressed miRNAs in serum samples of women with endometriosis, ECO and EC to establish them as diagnostic biomarkers. Methods: Blood samples (5 ml) were obtained from 40 patients (n=10/study group) undergoing laparoscopy/laparotomy/hysterectomy. miRNA-rich RNA was extracted from the serum samples, and quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR was performed to check the expression levels of miR-16, miR-99b, miR-20a, miR-145, miR-143 and miR-125a in all the samples. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was done to check the diagnostic potential. Results: In endometriosis, miR-16 was downregulated (P<0.05) whereas miR-99b, miR-125a, miR-143 and miR-145 were upregulated (P<0.05). In ECO group, downregulated expression of miR-16 and miR-125a (P<0.05) was observed, whereas miR-99b, miR-143 and miR-145 were upregulated (P<0.05). In endometrioid EC, miR-16, miR-99b, miR-125 and miR-145 were downregulated (P<0.05), whereas miR-143 was upregulated (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that, for endometriosis, miR-99b, miR-125a, miR-143 and miR-145 served as diagnostic markers. miR-145 showed diagnostic power for ECO, and for endometrioid EC, miR-16, miR-99b, miR-125a and miR-145 showed diagnostic potential. Interpretation & conclusions: The present findings suggested that certain circulating miRNAs (miB99b, miR-16, miR-125a, miR-145) might act as indicators and discriminators of endometriosis and endometrioid subtypes of EC and ovarian cancer and might serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and management of these debilitating diseases.
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Purpose: To report outcomes and assess the risk factors for failure of trabeculectomy (trab), trabeculectomy with mitomycin?C (trabMMC), and combined trabeculectomy with cataract extraction (CT) in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) eyes with steroid?induced glaucoma (SIG). Methods: Trab was performed in 45 eyes of 30 subjects, trabMMC in 36 eyes of 25 subjects, and CT in 34 eyes of 27 subjects. Success was complete when intraocular pressure (IOP) was between 6 and 21 mm Hg without anti?glaucoma medications (AGM) and qualified with AGM. Results: Median age (14 vs. 16.3 and 17.4 years) was significantly less in the trab cohort (P = 0.007). Majority (88%–93%) were male (P = 0.78). Preoperatively, median duration of steroid usage was >2 years (P = 0.52), mean IOP (32, 29.4, and 28.4; P = 0.26) and median cup:disc ratio (CDR) (0.9; P = 0.27) were similar in the three groups. Complete success (76%, 71%, and 66% at 5 years; P = 0.91), and qualified success (88%, 97%, and 94% at 5 years; P = 1.0) with trab, trabMMC, and CT, respectively, were similar. Preoperative factors significantly associated with qualified failure (multiple logistic regression) were older children, longer duration of VKC, longer duration and mixed type of steroid use (all P < 0.001) and larger CDR (P < 0.02). At the last follow?up, 38% in trab, 33% in trabMMC, and 50% eyes in CT were blind (visual acuity ?20/400 and/or visual field ?10°) due to glaucoma (P = 0.33). Conclusion: The surgical success for all three types of surgery was similar at 5?years. Chronic VKC and long?term steroid use were associated with surgical failure. The majority had advanced disease and a significant proportion were blind due to glaucoma.
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Introduction : Quality control of the laboratory has gained increased importance in the present years. 70 % of the errors in the clinical laboratory occur in the pre-analytical phase. With various guidelines to gauge the quality of the laboratory, Six Sigma Metrics remains by far the most difficult benchmark that a laboratory can achieve. We aimed to quantify the performance of the quality indicators of the routine clinical Biochemistry laboratory in the pre-analytical phase in the form of sigma metrics and devise measures and identify steps to decrease the percentage of errors by defining the DMAIC approach. Materials and Methods : One year retrospective data was collected from January, 2020 to December, 2020 from the data entry register and pre-analytical variables were quantified. Defects Per Million and sigma metric were calculated for each pre-analytical indicator. DMAIC approach was applied and post intervention sigma scores for the month of Jananuary, 2021, February, 2021 and March, 2021 were calculated. Results : Postinterventional analysis was done on a month-to-month basis to monitor the trend and also to ensure corrective action can be taken without delay. Out of 5 quality indicators which were quantified, the pre versus post sigma scores (March’21) are as follows: missing location of the patient (Sigma 4 versus 3.6), missing registration number (Sigma 3.7 versus 4.3) and both registration number and location missing (Sigma 3.6 versus 4.0), Homolysed sample (4.2 versus 4.6), insufficient sample volume (sigma 3.9 versus 4.7). Encouraging results in the form of improved Sigma scores were seen in four of the quality indicators except for the fact that the patient location were still missing in the forms and hence warrants continuous monitoring.
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Objective: We aimed to identify key barriers to Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) promotion and infant diarrhea prevention services delivered by Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) in rural India. Methods: A case-study was conducted across nine tribal villages in Banswara district (Rajasthan), where in-depth observational and qualitative data was collected from frontline health workers and infant caregivers. Results: ASHAs’ prioritization of their incentive-based link-worker tasks over their health activist roles, limited community mobilization, and lack of monitoring of such activities hindered the delivery of WASH promotion and infant diarrhea prevention services. Caregivers’ lack of trust in ASHA’s health knowledge and preference for private providers and traditional healers also hindered the uptake of ASHA’s health promotion services. Conclusions: Strengthening ASHAs’ health activism roles and building trust on frontline health workers’ knowledge among tribal communities will be the key to address the determinants of child malnutrition and stunting and accelerate progress towards the national development agenda.
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Background/Aims@#To study role of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in induction, maintenance, and rescue in patients with corticosteroid-dependent ulcerative colitis (CDUC). @*Methods@#Patients with active CDUC received 3 fortnightly sessions of colonoscopic induction FMT (iFMT) in addition to standard of care. In patients who achieved clinical remission (CR) or response, prednisolone was tapered from week 4 and azathioprine from week 12. Responders were advised maintenance FMT (mFMT) every 6 months. Those with relapse were offered rescue FMT (rFMT), and low dose prednisolone was added if there was no improvement in 2 weeks. @*Results@#All 27 patients enrolled completed iFMT and were followed up for 39 months (range, 9–71 months). The mean Mayo score decreased from 6.4±2.5 at baseline to 2.6±3.7 at week 4, 2.6±3.4 at week 12, and 2.8±3.8 at week 24 (P<0.05). Corticosteroid-free CR and clinical response at week 12 were seen in 13 patients (48%) and 1 patient (3.7%), respectively. Corticosteroid and azathioprine-free CR at week 24 was seen in 13 patients (48%) and in them histological response was seen in 2 patients (15.2%) at week 4, 5 patients (38.4%) at week 12, and 10 patients (76.9%) at week 24. First relapse was seen in 10 of 13 responders (76.9%) at a median of 14.8 months (range, 6–34 months) after iFMT and was less frequent in patients on mFMT. Relapse was treated successfully with rFMT alone in 4 patients (40%) and rFMT with low dose steroids in 5 patients (50%). @*Conclusions@#iFMT, mFMT, and rFMT may have a role in treatment of selected patients with CDUC.
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In this article, we describe experimental study designs and focus on randomized controlled trials. Experimental studies are intervention studies in which the investigator tests a new treatment on a selected group of patients. In a controlled design, the effects of an intervention (new treatment) are measured by comparing the outcome in the experimental group with that in a control group. Experimental studies are similar to cohort studies except that the exposure is a deliberate change (intervention) made by the researcher in one group of participants and it overcomes confounding because the treatment is assigned randomly. Further, we discuss various types of randomization (random sequence allocation) and importance of allocation concealment and blinding for proper assessment of outcomes in randomized trials.
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@#Introduction: Epilepsy is the common condition encountered in both adults and pediatric population. It occurs as a result of various spectrum of etiology ranging from infections to tumors. EEG and Neurosonogram can characterize the type of epilepsy; however, imaging is the only tool to identify the lesion, its location, and extent and resection possibility. CT was the only modality before the era of MRI. However, CT was only used to identify the lesion with hemorrhage and calcification. It is having the disadvantage of having poor spatial resolution and using radiation. The era of MRI has changed the imaging due to its higher spatial resolution, gray white matter differentiation, status of myelination and non-utilization of radiation. Purpose: The aim of study was to detect and characterize various lesions causing epilepsy in pediatric age group (0-12 years) and also to detect frequency with which they occurred using MRI. Methods: The study was performed on 50 children under the age of 12 years over a period of 1 year who presented with epilepsy. Patients with trauma and febrile seizure disorders were excluded. Conventional and contrast MRI was performed in all cases and lesions were characterized in location, signal intensity, and other features. Results: The mean age group of the study population was 1-5 years. Generalized seizures constituted the major seizure group. Our study shows infection as the most common etiology followed by mesial temporal sclerosis and Focal cortical dysplasia. It was followed by neoplastic etiology, phacomatosis and demyelinating diseases. Conclusion: MRI is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of pediatric patients presenting with epilepsy. Proper MRI seizure protocol helps to establish the correct diagnosis, plan the management according to diagnosis as well as helps in prognosis.
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Septate gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly, which can present a challenge for the surgeon who performs laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The common first line modality for screening in symptomatic gallbladder pathology is still ultrasonography. Preoperative diagnosis of this anomaly is not common. Pre- operative diagnosis and being acquainted with this anomaly decreases the possibility of injury to the biliary tract, the number of postoperative complications and the possible need for further surgical procedures. We present a case of septate gallbladder, which was diagnosed during the operative procedure. Despite the finding of a septate gallbladder, the performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy was uneventful.
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Background: Obstetrics near miss is an important indicator that reflects the quality of obstetrics care in a health facility. It assesses and monitors the activities aimed for prevention of maternal mortality. The aim and objective of this study was to find out the incidence, the prevalence and the causes of maternal near miss cases due to severe obstetrics complications.Methods: This is a retrospective study done in department of obstetrics and gynecology in GMC Chandrapur. The study was done during a period from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019.Results: In this study the hospital maternal near miss incidence ratio was 13.11%. In this study authors found the most common morbidity was (36.06%) hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, (28.68%) cases of major obstetric haemorrhage, (7.37%) severe systemic infection or sepsis, (2.45%) labour related disorders. In medical disorders very severe anaemia, (13.11%) was most common cause of near miss. The most common cause of death was post-partum haemorrhage (41.66%) and most of the patients referred from periphery in very critical condition.Conclusions: Haemorrhage and hypertension disorders are the leading causes of MNM. Prompt diagnosis and adequate management of near miss cases can reduce mortality rates.
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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women and cancer related mortality all over the world. There is strong evidence that delayed diagnosis of breast cancer is associated with poor survival. At our center most of the patients with breast cancer presented as locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) which drew our attention to find out the reasons of delay and its association with different socio-demographic variables.Methods: We enrolled 50 histologically proven cases of LABC in this study. With help of semi structured interview, questions were asked from each patient which could reflect their understanding about the disease to find likely reasons for their delayed presentation, including socioeconomic status.Results: In present study most of our patients were more than 45 years, married. 88% presented late due to unawareness and ignorance about nature and severity of breast cancer disease, 86% had financial issues, 64% had shyness as reason, 20% wasted time by taking alternative treatment, 52% presented late due to painless lump; 30% had fear of losing breast, 18% didn’t get support from family, 4% presented late due to other reasons.Conclusions: Awareness and knowledge of breast cancer was found to be poor amongst sufferers prior to their diagnosis, making it important reason for delayed presentation. Other significant factors being socioeconomic status and education. The need for increased awareness and use of screening practices was identified to be essential for early diagnosis of the disease and for improved outcomes.
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Background: The high incidence and antimicrobial resistance among the pathogens causing neonatal sepsis is alarming. In addition to substantial immediate mortality, survivors of infections in the neonatal period are at increased risk of long-term disability. The present study was conducted to know the bacteriological profile and risk factors associated with culture proven neonatal sepsis in a peri urban population.Methods: This study was conducted over a period of 4 year (2015-2019). On clinical suspicion, blood culture specimens were sent to microbiology laboratory. The organisms isolated from blood cultures were identified and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. As part of infection control practices, environmental samples from the neonatal intensive care units were tested.Results: Of 907 blood cultures of neonates received in the microbiology laboratory, 20.7% were culture positive. Majority of the episodes occurred at or before 72 hours of life (81.4%). 54.3% were Gram positive cocci including Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. The common Gram-negative pathogens included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Common risk factors involved were preterm birth, low birth weight, premature rupture of membrane, prolonged labour and iatrogenic causes.Conclusions: The early signs of sepsis are often subtle and nonspecific. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is needed for early diagnosis. Rapid, reliable detection and appropriate case management can save lives of many new-borns.
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Introduction: "Adolescence" literally means "to emerge"or "to attain identity" and is essentially the period of rapidphysical and psychological development. The World HealthOrganization (WHO) defines “adolescent” as an individualbetween 10 to 19 years of age. About 19.7% of Indianpopulation is adolescents. Nutritional health problems areone of the important health problem faced by adolescents.Prevalence of anemia in adolescents (15-19 years) girls is54%. Underweight is seen among 46.4% adolescent girls.Hence this study was conducted to find out nutritional healthproblems of adolescent girls in a rural area of Nagpur district.Menstrual hygiene was also studied.Material and methods: A cross sectional study was carriedout in one of the randomly selected school in a rural area ofNagpur. Calculated sample size was 145, though the studywas carried out on 150 adolescent girls in August 2019 usinga pre-designed and pre- tested questionnaire.Results: Mean age of study participants was 14.87± 2.77years. Prevalence of anemia was found to be 80%. Prevalenceof undernutrition was 36%. None of the student receivedweekly iron and folic acid tablets in last three months. Only28% study subjects received information of menstrual hygieneprior to menarche.Conclusion: Prevalence of anemia and undernutrition wasfound to be high in a school of rural area of Nagpur district.WIFS program should be strengthened through inter-sectoralcollaboration among health and education sectors
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Introduction: Cancer chemotherapy induced diarrhea(CCID) is a frequent problem during anticancer treatment.Patho-physiology of CCID differs between chemotherapeuticagents. Neither there is specific treatment for CCID noradequate experimental models. The objective of this study wasto develop a relevant experimental animal model of CCID,which can help in development of specific therapy for CCID.Material and methods: In this study thirty six albino rats ofeither sex were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. GroupI rats received distilled water and served as control. GroupII,III,IV, V, VI received 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU) once intraperitoneal(IP) at doses 10,20,30,40 and 50 mg/kg respectivelyand served as test groups for experimental model of CID.Standard parameters like stool samples for quality& quantity,incidence of diarrhea, histopathology of intestine and fataloutcome in rats were recorded.Results: Out of test groups, rats treated with 5-FU 30mg/kg IP single dose developed diarrhea in 50% rats,mean timefor onset of diarrhea was 84±16.7 hours and duration was62±9.16 hours, diarrhea subsided within 7 days with mildchanges of intestinal histopathology and 16.7% mortality.Occurrence of diarrhea, change in intestinal histopathologywas not remarkable with dosage less than 30mg/kg. In 5 FU40 mg/kg & 50mg/kg group incidence of diarrhea increased to66.6% but death rate were further increased to 33.3% in5 FU40 mg/kg& 83.3% with 50mg/kg.Conclusion: The results suggest 5-FU 30mg/kg single doseIP to albino rats can be used as a suitable experimental modelfor CCID for evaluation of novel potential candidate drugs fortreatment of CCID.
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Background: Preterm labour occurs due to various causative factors. Genital infections contribute significantly to the preterm labour. Ours is a prospective, observational study looking at the cervical microbiota involved in the preterm labour. The cervical flora contributing to the occurrence of preterm labour was studied. The results were analyzed based on the microbiological study of cervical swabs. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the association of cervical microbiota of pregnant women with spontaneous preterm delivery. To characterize the effect of cervical microbiota on birth gestation. The secondary objective of this study was to analyse the role of cervical microbiota and its relationship between social and behavioural factors.Methods: It is a prospective, observational study, which includes 193 patients, studied over a period of one and a half year. It was conducted at our tertiary care centre after the approval by ethics committee, and the results were analysed. As this is a purely observational study, management decisions of treating obstetrician were not interfered with. No additional cost, intervention or injury was caused to the study subject.Results: In our study, cervical swab culture shows growth in 2.07% which is statistically insignificant. Though, it was found that preterm labour is more common with leucocytosis, i.e. WBC > 11000 cmm, which is found to be statistically significant (p value = 0.023).Conclusions: In our study, we found that there was no significant association of cervical flora with preterm labour, though we found an association with leucocytosis.