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Sorafenib is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting a variety of tyrosine kinase receptors involved in angiogenesis, tumor growth and tumor metastasis. It is currently widely used in renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma's treatment. Sorafenib prolongs overall survival of many patients with malignant tumors. However, the adverse drug reactions, especially serious cardiovascular adverse reactions, still reduce its clinical benefits. Therefore, it is important to prevent or reduce adverse cardiovascular reactions caused by sorafenib. This article reviews the adverse cardiovascular reactions and its possible mechanisms caused by sorafenib.
RESUMO
Traditional right ventricular pacing is non-physiological pacing, can lead to ventricular electrical and mechanical dyssynchmnization, which increases the risk of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. His-Purkinje system pacing is the hot research of physiological pacing method. The high thresholds and difficult implantation of his bundle pacing limits its application and popularization. In recent years, domestic scholars have proposed left bundle branch area pacing. Many studies have confirmed the safety and feasibility of left bundle branch area pacing. Left bundle branch pacing transmit down the conduction system, which can effectively achieve ventricular electrical and mechanical synchrony, At the same time, it also has many others advantages, such as good and stable electrical parameters, significantly improved cardiac function, and pacing across blocked parts. It will become the main development direction of physiological pacing in the future. This article aims to review the origin, standard and classification, advantages and limitations of left bundle branch area pacing.