potential co-treatment effects of aataria multiflora, camellia sinensis extracts and bacterial lipopolysaccharide on skin wound model

Camellia sinensis and Zataria multiflora as the potent antioxidants and antiinflammations are crucial in the management of wound therapy. Lipopolysaccharide [LPS] was used for the proliferative potential on fibroblast cells and induction of inflammatory mediators

Objective: We examined the effects of LPS and herbal extracts combination in order to identify their mechanisms of action in fibroblast proliferation and tissue regeneration

Methods: Human foreskin fibroblasts were treated by Salmonella enterica LPS [100micro g] and extracts [5%w/w]. Tissues of male Balb/c mice were harvested at 1, 3 and 7 days for biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Effects of LPS and extracts on cell viability, Nitric oxide [NO], Cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2] and Hydrogen peroxide H[2]O[2] levels were examined respectively by XTT assay and related kits

Results: Our pathological investigations for Camellia sinensis and LPS co-treated group indicated inflammatory cells on day 1 and fibroblast proliferation through wound area on day 3. After wound modelling the samples features were the same but with the difference in groups treated by LPS and Camellia sinensis extract which dermis and epidermis were seen. The Camellia sinensis extract and LPS co-treated wounds were showed low levels of H[2]O[2] and higher levels of NO compared to extract treated group [P<0.001]. Results illustrate a dose and time dependent significant difference in cell proliferation between groups

Conclusion: These results suggest that Camellia sinensis extract in combination with LPS may have potential of accelerating inflammatory phase of wound healing process by regulation of COX-2, NO and H[2]O[2] in skin fibroblast

[Optimum dose of gamma irradiation to inactivate Vibrio paraheamolyticus in fresh and freeze-dried]

Background: Vibrio paraheamoloyticus is one the causative agents of vibriosis with high mortality in farmed fish and shrimp and under predisposing conditions

Objectives: This study was aimed to assess the effect of gamma irradiation on the inactivation of V. paraheamoloyticus under fresh and freeze-dried conditions

Methods: Vials of 0.5 ml fresh culture of the bacterial suspensions at 1.5[asterisk]10[10] cfu/ml were subjected to 1, 1.5,2, 2.5, 3 and 4 KGy. Also, vials of 0.5 ml freeze-dried culture of the bacterial suspensions at 1.5 x 1010 cfu/ml were subjected to 2, 4, 7 and 8 KGy. The bacterial growth behavior was then evaluated on fresh medium

Results: The obtained results showed that the minimum doses of 4 and 10 KGy were sufficient for the inactivation of fresh and freeze-dried bacteria, respectively

Conclusions: The result of this study shows that inactivation of V. paraheamolyicus in fresh culture condition requires below half- dosage of gamma ray required for the inactivation of the freeze- dried of bacterial cells

Etiology and Drug Resistance Pattern of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in an Iranian 1000- Bed Tertiary Care Hospital.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine etiology and drug resistance pattern of most frequency isolates of microorganisms responsible for VAP in an Iranian 1000-bed tertiary care hospital in Tehran Iran. Place and Duration: This study was conducted in microbiology laboratory of Milad Hospital in Tehran, Iran from November 2010 to December 2011. Methodology: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) was defined as any lower respiratory tract infection that developed 48 hours after mechanical ventilation. Tracheal aspirate specimens were collected and processed according standard microbiological procedures. Bacterial identification and susceptibility testing were performed using disk diffusion standard procedures as recommended by CLSI. Results: One hundred and one patients developed at least one episode of nosocomial pneumonia were subject of our study. Of 101 patients 61 patients were male and 40 female patients. The mean time for hospitalization in ICUs and ventilation duration were 16 and 9, 5 days respectively. Old age, History of previous use of antibiotics and duration of ventilation times were the most important risk factors for VAP. In total 126 microorganisms were isolated from VAP cases. Acinetobacer baumannii with 46 (36.5%) isolates was the predominant organism followed by Staphylococcus aureus with 31 (24. 60% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 19 (15%) isolates. Other isolated organisms included Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. The majority isolated organism included Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to many antibiotics including the third generation of cephalosporins and nearly 50% isolates were resistant to amikacin. Colistin was the most effective antibiotic against multidurug resistant (MDR) isolates. We found a high rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (93.54%). All isolates of S. aureus were susceptible to vancomycin. Conclusion: Our study revealed that A. baumannii, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were the major etiological agents of VAP in our hospital. The majority isolates were resistant to routinely used antibiotics including the third generation of cephalosporins. We also observed a high rate of MRSA among our isolates.

[ effects of cigarette or waterpipe smoke and immobilization on serum levels of TSH, T3 or T4 in male rats]

The results of different studies have shown smoking can influence functions of thyroid gland. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cigarette or water pipe smoking and immobilization on serum levels of TSH, T[3] and T[4] in male rats. In this laboratory experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control,rats exposed to cigarette smoke ,rats exposed to waterpipe smoke, chronically immobilized rats, and chronically immobilized rats exposed to cigarette or waterpipe smoke. Each group consisted of 5 rats. After 6 weeks blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture method. After obtaining serum, levels of TSH, T3 or T4 were measured by radioimmunoassay method. Data were statistically analyzed and compared among the groups by means of one way ANOVA. Serum TSH levels were not significantly changed in experimental groups comaperd to control animals. Serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly increased in rats exposed to waterpipe smoke as compared to control animals [P<0.01]. There were also a significant increase in T3 and T4 levels in the rats exposed to cigarette smoke compared to control rats [P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively]. Serum levels of T3 or T4 showed no significant alterations in immobilized rats, but significantly increased in immobilized rats exposed to cigarette or waterpipe smoke in comparison to control or immobilized animals [P<0.01]. Our findings showed that exposure to cigarette and water pipe smoke can increase serum levels of T3 or T4 and may be a predisposing factor in the development of hyperthyroidism

[Protective effect of yontam extract of Aloe vera on serum creatine kinase activity in male rats exposed to acute and chronic immobilization stress]

Immobilization stress has a variety of effects on the enzymes activity. This study was conducted to determine the protective effect of Aloe vera extract on the serum level of creatine kinase enzyme in male rates exposed to acute and chronic immobilization stress. This experimental study was conducted on 45 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200 +/- 30 g. Animals were randomly allocated into 9 groups of 5 rats: control, normal saline, chronically immobilized, acutely immobilized, chronically immobilized normal saline, acutely immobilized normal saline, Aloe vera extract [600 mg/kg/daily], acutely immobilized Aloe vera [600 g/kg/daily] and chronically immobilized Aloe vera groups [600 g/kg/daily]. Aloe vera extract with a dose of 600 mg/kg/BW was administered by gavage feeding before applying stress. For chronic immobilization, animals were put under immobilization stress for 2 hrs a day for 3 weeks and for acute immobilization animals were put under immobilization for 8 hrs a day for one week. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method and serum level of creatine kinase enzyme [units/L] was measured by spectrophotometery. Data were analyzed using SPSS-19, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Serum level of creatine kinase enzyme represented a statistical significant increase in rats exposed to acute [2368.20 +/- 104.96 units/L] and chronic immobilization [2177.80 +/- 234.75 units/L] compared with control group [1240.40 +/- 706.40 units/L] [P<0.001]. The enzyme alteration level was not significant in Aloe vera [1619.80 +/- 171.41 units/L], acutely immobilized Aloe vera extract [1619.00 +/- 206.03 units/L] and chronically immobilized Aloe vera extract [1448.00 +/- 106.07 units/L]. This study showed that gavage of Aloe vera extract [600 mg/kg/daily] in rats can prevent the elevation of creatine kinase enzyme activity resulted by immobilization stress

[Comparison of the effects of microfilled and hybrid composite resin restorations on the fracture resistance of extensively weakened teeth]

Composite resins can play an important role in dentin support and enamel strength via bonding to tooth structure. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hybrid and microfilled composite restorations on the fracture resistance of extensively weakened teeth. In this case control study 40 intact maxillary premolars were mounted in transparent acrylic resin blocks. The samples were divided into 4 groups [n=10 each]. Group PC comprised of intact teeth, without preparation and restoration. In other three groups MOD preparations with constant depths and converged walls toward occlusal surfaces were prepared. Group NC composed of teeth with preparations but without any restoration. Group HR included prepared and restored teeth using a hybrid composite and Group MR contained prepared and restored samples with a microfilled composite. Samples were thermocycled [500 cycles in 5-55°C], then were placed under compressive loads in a universal testing machine, and the curves were drawn with a software called Test Xpert. Mean fracture resistance in HR, MR, PC, and NC groups were 48.1010, 59.1773, 83.1420, and 21.9220, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference among the groups [P<0.05]. The increasing effect of microfilled group on the fracture resistance of restored teeth is significantly more than that of hybrid group

[ effect of Silvernano oral consumption on some hormonal, hematological and urine parameters of vistar rats]

Silver nanoparticles with excellent antimicrobial effects and increasing consumption in different industries are the most widely used nanoparticles and so it is necessary to evaluate the safety of their use. This study has examined the effects of time and consumption dose of these particles on rats of Vistar race. 36 Vistar race rats after 4 weeks equalization period divided into 6 groups [one control and five tests] and were received 95ppm, 65ppm, 35ppm, 20ppm, 5ppm concentrations of silver nano [Nanocid L2000] solution from NANONASB-E-PARS CO. as water. After 3 and 6 months 3 animals of each group were selected and hormonal parameters were determined by CLIA method, Hb and HCT was measured by common Med. Lab. Kits and blood cells counted by H1 equipment. Finally, results were processed by one-side variance and tukey's test. The results indicated that white blood cells counting show meaningful dose dependent decreasing in number of these cells. No tangible change was seen on counting of red blood cells and the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit parameters. Also blood cortisol and T4 level of dependent dose decreased and Testosterone increased meaningfully. Water uptake index increasing happened in meaningful and dose dependent manner. Ketone bodies appeared in rats' urine that had eaten high doses of silver nano. WBC count decreasing after oral consumption of silver nano particles show cell apoptosis and immunity lowering. Also the particles have no effect on bone marrow function indexes. On the other hand, lowering the function of adrenal gland, hypothyroidism, increasing in sexual hormone level are side effects of these particles consumption. In addition, increasing in Water Uptake Index and urine volume can be for high blood pressure or kidney failure caused by these particles

[Effect of aqueous extract aloe vera on serum levels of T[3], T[4] and TSH in male rats]

Studies have shown that aqueous extracts of plants and herbs Aloe vera cousins on physiological functions and especially their impact on thyroid function. This study examined the effect of a 20% solution Aloe vera gel on serum T[3], T[4] and TSH is. In this study 20 male Wistar rats divided into ten series, control solution, 20% received a dose of 625 mg kg Aloe vera gel was divided into 21 days. Aloe vera 20% gel solution was administered by gavage. After each group of experiments, blood samples were collected via blood from the heart. After preparation of serum hormones T[3], T[4] and TSH were measured by using electro-chemiluminescence. The data using ANOVA test statistics were compared between groups. The results showed that mice receiving a 20% gel solution Aloe vera, serum levels of T[3], T[4] and TSH showed a significant decrease compared to the control group [respectively p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001]. The results indicate that 20% gel solution Aloe vera reduced serum levels of T[3], T[4] and TSH in the regulation of hyperthyroidism, and administering the solution may be used

Impact of gamma rays on the Phaffia rhodozyma genome revealed by RAPD-PCR

Phaffia rhodozyma is a red yeast which produces astaxanthin as the major carotenoid pigment. Astaxanthin is thought to reduce the incidence of cancer and degenerative diseases in man. It also enhances the immune response and acts as a free-radical quencher, a precursor of vitamin A, or a pigment involved in the visual attraction of animals as mating partners. The impact of gamma irradiation was studied on the Phaffia rhodozyma genome. Ten mutant strains, designated Gam1-Gam10, were obtained using gamma irradiation. Ten decamer random amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD] primers were employed to assess genetic changes. Nine primers revealed scorable polymorphisms and a total of 95 band positions were scored; amongst which 38 bands [37.5%] were polymorphic. Primer F with 3 bands and primer J20 with 13 bands produced the lowest and the highest number of bands, respectively. Primer A16 produced the highest number of polymorphic bands [70% polymorphism] and primer F showed the lowest number of polymorphic bands [0% polymorphism]. Genetic distances were calculated using Jaccard's coefficient and the UPGMA method. A dendrogram was created using SPSS [version 11.5] and the strains were clustered into four groups. RAPD markers could distinguish between the parental and the mutant strains of P. rhodozyma. RAPD technique showed that some changes had occurred in the genome of the mutated strains. This technique demonstrated the capability to differentiate between the parental and the mutant strains

Macro-invertebrates in the wetlands of the Zarrineh estuary at the south of Urmia lake [Iran]

This research summarizes the data on benthic macro invertebrates collected from 25 points in the urmia Lake wetlands during November 2008 to February 2009. The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of elevated salinity and nutrient [nitrogen and phosphorus] levels on macro invertebrate abundance and composition. A total of 32 taxa were collected, and the common taxa, including Chironomidae [midges], Corixidae [water boatmen], Erythemis [damselflies], Ephemerella [mayflies], Hyalella [amphipods], and snails. Samples at ponds with salinities greater than 10 ppt showed a shift in community composition to salt-tolerant taxa and a reduction in total diversity. The corixid Trichocorixa vertical is, the brine shrimp Artemia partenogenetica, and the dipteran Ephydra are salt-tolerant species that only occur at high salinity levels. Ponds relatively high in nutrients had fewer total taxa, reduced abundance and diversity of aquatic beetles, lower diversity index values, and a greater dominance by chironomids than ponds low in nutrients. It is suggested to allocate about 10x10[6] cubic meters freshwater of the represented rivers to these wetlands to improve their trophic condition and transfer their hypereutrophic waters into the Urmia Lake for more production of the macro invertebrates both in the wetlands and on the lake

[ study on internal teat sealant for mastitis prevention in a dairy cows]

Mammary glands are particularly susceptible to new infections during the dry and early lactation periods. Dry cow antibiotic therapy in all quarters of all cows has been a traditional method to reduce the effect of these new infections. The objective of this study which was done for the first time in Iran was to determine the effect of infusion with Masti-Seal at dry off. Eighty Holstein Frisian dairy cows parity of 2 to 5 in 7 month of pregnancy were selected from a commercial dairy farm. All cows didn't show clinical mastitis in last month. The cows of group A [n=10] were randomly assigned to be treated in two quarters [LF/RR or RF/LR] with the sealant while two quarters in each cow remained as untreated controls. The cows of group B [n=10] were randomly treated with the dry cow therapy [DCT] and sealant. The cows of group C were randomly assigned to be treated in two quarters [LF/RR or RF/LR] with the DCT and sealant while two quarters were treated just with antibiotic DCT. In group D the effect of Masti-seal and Orbiseal in rear quarters were compared. Milk samples were collected for bacterial culture and somatic cell count [SCC] at dry off, 10-15 DIM. At calving, the Mastiseal was manually stripped from each quarter prior to collecting of colostrum. The clinical evaluations of teats were done in all groups at days 7, 14 and 28 after treatment. No changes in teats of cows were seen. Corynebacterium bovis and one yeast were isolated from 2 and 1 samples, respectively. The SCC of cows in group B increased significantly after parturition compared with cows treated by DCT. In other groups there were no significant differences between dry period and after parturition. Results revealed that using of Masti-seal in combination with DCT is useful. However, use of Masti-seal is a necessity even without antibiotics

Zingiber officinale protective effects on gentamicin's toxicity on sperm in rats

Ginger rhizome [Zingiber officinale R., family: Zingiberaceae] is used medicinally and as a culinary spice and has anti-oxidant and cell-protective effects in animals and humans body. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ginger rhizome toxicity of gentamicin on sperm parameters in male rats. Forty Wistar male rat [n=40] were allocated into four groups, control [n=10] and test groups [n=30], that subdivided into groups of 3 that received ginger rhizome powder [100 mg/kg/day], gentamicin group that received, 5 mg/kg/day and ginger group that received, 5 mg/kg/day gentamicin additionally, for 30 consequence day. Animals were kept in standard conditions. In thirty day the testes tissue of rats in whole groups were collected. Ginger administration caused a marked increase in the testosterone concentrations of the rats even in spite of receiving 5 mg/kg/day gentamicin in compared with the control and gentamicin treated groups. Ginger rhizome is able to overcome reproductive toxicity of gentamicin and induces spermatogenesis probably mainly through the elevation of testosterone levels

Effects of Danae racemosa on testosterone hormone in experimental diabetic rats

Danae racemosa is a strong antioxidant and antioxidants have significant effects on spermatogenesis, sperm biology and oxidative stress, and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Because STZ causes testicular dysfunction and degeneration under situations of experimentally induced diabetes in animal models, we aimed in this study Danae racemosa's effects in decreasing the harmful effects of STZ on testicular and sperm functions b. Male Wistar rats [n = 40] were allocated into four groups: Group 1a: Control rats given 0.5 ml of 20% glycerol in 0.9% normal saline. Group 1b: Control rats given 0.5ml of 0.5 ml citrate buffer [pH4.0].Group 2: streptozotocin [STZ] treated rats. Group 3: rats given danae racemosa 400 mg/kg [gavage]. Group 4: STZ treated rats given danae racemosa 400 mg/kg [gavage]. Animals were kept in standard conditions. At 28 days after inducing diabetics, 5 mL blood was collected for measuring testosterone. Total serum testosterone increased significantly in the group treated with danae racemosa [p < 0.05] compared with control groups. Testis weights in the diabetic groups decreased significantly in comparison with controls [p < 0.05]. Danae racemosa had a significant protective effect on the diabetes-induced deteriorations in serum total testosterone, by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species in serum. Therefore, it could be effective for maintaining healthy in diabetic rats

Study the effects of oral administration of silymarin in preventing consequences of ethanol on liver during pregnancy

Alcoholic mothers who consume ethanol give birth to infants with high percentage of hepatic diseases. Alcohol can cause cellular damage in different tissues, including liver. Finding a drug which is effective and efficient in reducing ethanol misuse consequences during pregnancy can assist the decrease of harmful effects of this habit. This research aims to study the effects of oral administration of silymarin in preventing consequences of ethanol on liver during pregnancy. 45 female rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, each including 15 ones. After the first day of pregnancy, the study was performed as follows. The first group was given distilled water. The second group received ethanol equivalent to 35% of the total required calorie. Furthermore, the third group received the same amount of ethanol plus 200 mg/kg silymarin. At day 21, biopsy of liver tissue of the born infants was carried out for light microscopy studies. Findings of the present study indicate that, in the group which received ethanol, this extract can have a considerable effect on decreasing the hepatic cellular death as well as reducing hepatic hyperemia. Oral consumption of silymarin extract can reduce the damage and inflammation in liver tissue of infants born from alcoholic mothers

[Evaluation of Ocimum basilicum effects on uterus apoptosis in rats exposures in electromagnetic fields]

In the industrial world, almost everyone is unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic field [EMF] generated from various technical and household appliances. Controversy exists about the effects of EMF on various tissues of the living bodies. Uterus play an important role in reproductive and the effects of EMF on its tissue is worthy of investigation. In order to examine this, 40 rat were selected and kept for one weeks in quarantine and 20 rats subdivided to two groups were exposed to 50 Hz [non-ionizing radiation] for 6 weeks, one of this exposed group received 0.7 g/kg Ocimum basilicum, other experimental group just received 0.7 g/kg Ocimum basilicum, The materials were processed and observed apoptosis under a light microscope. In the experimental rats apoptotic cells showed significantly increased in emf groups, but in exposed group that received Ocimum basilicum, apoptotic cells were decreased [p<0.05]. As exposure to EMF may result in pathological changes then lead to sub fertility and infertility, Since in our study 0.7 g/kg Ocimum basilicum have significantly Preventive effect on uterus cells damages by reducing number of Apoptotic cells, so it seems that using it can be effective for treatment in emf exposed Rat

Treatment effects of Ginger rhizome and extract of carrot seed on diabetic nephropathy in rat

Antioxidants have essential effect on tissue regeneration after cells injury. Enhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Ginger rhizome and carrot seed are strong antioxidants and long-term treatment of Streptozotocin induced-diabetic animals with these herbs, has been shown to reduce oxidative stress. Evaluation to treatment effect of Ginger rhizome and extract of carrot seed on nephropathy after diabetes inducement. Methods: Wistar male rat [n=70] were allocated into seven groups, control group, carrot seed extract group, ginger group, control- Diabetic group received 55mg/kg [IP] streptozotocin [STZ], treatment diabetic group that received carrot seed extract, treatment diabetic group that received ginger and treatment diabetic group that received carrot seed extract plus ginger. Animals were kept in standard condition. In 30 day after inducing diabetes, 5ml blood were collected for analyzing of TAC and MDA levels, and kidney tissues of Rats were removed in all groups then prepared for analysis. Pathological changes in diabetic group which received carrot seed and ginger together was decreased compared to control group. The rate of serum TAC significantly increased in diabetic groups which received carrot seed and ginger together significantly in comparison to control-diabetic group [p<0.05]. Since in our study 25 mg/kg carrot seed extract and 100 mg/kg ginger have prevented kidney tissue injury by reducing level of Reactive Oxygen Species [ROS] in serum, so it seems that using it can be effective for treatment nephropathy in Diabetic rats

Evaluation of protective effects of nano-formulated silymarin against UV radiation on guinea pig skin

As increased outdoor activities of people, they are more exposed to UV radiation, which causes harmful effects on skin. Silymarin has protective potentials against DNA damage and non-melanoma skin cancers, and also it has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulation characteristics. Nano formulation of plant material showed to be more effective than common ones. In present study, nano-formulated silymarin was used in a cream, and its effects were investigated against destructive effects of UV rays. Methods: Silymarin standardized extract was prepared, nano formulated in cream base, and applied to skin of the animals. Four groups of animals [n=15] were examined; Group 1; without any treatment [control], Group 2; Vaseline, Group 3; nano-formulated silymarin extract cream, and Group 4; silymarin-carnosine. UV was radiated on the shaved area of the four groups for 45 minutes with dose of 180 mJ/cm2. Dermal scaling, skin irregularity, erythema, skin hyperpigmentation, and edema were evaluated in animals. Histopathological observation was done on the skin samples of the animals. silymarin nano-formulation was effective in decreasing both physical damages and histopathological injuries significantly. from the observed results, it can be concluded that the cream containing nanoformulated silymarin can prevent UV radiation lesions better than pure silymarin

Compartments of Quercetin and Allium cepa [onion] on blood glucose in diabetic rats

The major concern in diabetes is increased oxidative stress. Maintaining a balance between reactive oxygen species [ROS] and antioxidants is a major mechanism in preventing damage from oxidative stress. Quercetin [QR] is a well-known flavonoid and a strong antioxidant derived from the onion, Allium cepa, and it has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in the long-term treatment of streptozotocin [STZ]-induced diabetes in animals. We aimed to study on beneficial effects of QR and Allium cepa on regulation of blood glucose in diabetic model. Methods: Seventy male 8-week-old Wistar albino rats weighing 250 +/- 10 g were obtained, the rats were divided into seven groups comprising ten animals in each group. Diabetes induced with single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Diabetic rats treated with quercetin [15mg/kg/day, started 48 hours after STZ injection] and Allium cepa juice [2cc/rat/day, started 48 hours after STZ injection]. After 28 days treatment, analysis on blood glucose and insulin was done. The mean TAC showed a significant increase [p < 0.05] in the QR compared to the control, STZ and STZ + QR groups. Both QR and onion Juice had significant effect in lowering blood glucose [355.3 +/- 104 mg/dl and 353.4 +/- 103 mg/dl respectively] [p<0.05] in STZ induced diabetic animals. Both QR and onion juice had lowering effect in Serum insulin in healthy animals and significant increasing effect on serum insulin level in diabetic animals. Both QR and onion juice had good effect in modifying diabetes related biochemical parameters and they are recommended to be studied more in order to being used in the therapy

Red-pink colony-producing Pseudomonas sp. is the causative agent of mass mortality in larvae and post-larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei raised in hatcheries in south Iran

This study aimed to identify the causative of the mass mortality observed in zoeal to post-larval shrimp raised in hatcheries in south Iran. For three consecutive months, samples of nauplii and zoea of Litopenaeus vannamei were collected from an affected hatchery located in the province of Bushehr. Upon culture on marine agar, bacterial colonies that produced white, orange, yellow and red pigments were identified. In the hatcheries in which mass mortality was observed, the water columns of the affected tanks exhibited a red-pink color. Therefore, the bacteria that produced red pigment were selected for further phenotypic characterization using polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and virulence bioassays. Our results indicate that this bacterium belonged the genus Pseudomonas and that it was identical to P. mesophilica and/ anguilliseptica. PCR analysis of this bacterium revealed the production of a 150-bp band that was consistent with the Pseudomonas genus. To determine the pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria in nauplii and post-larvae of L vannamei, we performed bioassay experiments by bath immersion at 27-28°C. Our results showed that culture of nauplii and post-larvae of L. vannamei with the bacteria at a concentration of 1.5-2.0[x] 10[5] CFU/mL in marine broth resulted in a 100% mortality rate 24-48 h post-challenge. In contrast, there was no mortality in the nauplii and post-larvae that were cultured in the absence of bacteria. Upon pathological examination, we found that the color of the larvae was abnormal and pink, with acute necrosis of the entire body 48 h post-challenge

[Treatment of early childhood caries: a literature review]

Restoration of severely damaged primary anterior teeth by early childhood caries is a challenge for clinicians. Due to pernicious nature of this condition, immediate and definitive treatment has been advocated in order to prevent further tooth destruction. It is important to preserve the integrity of natural primary dentition until the expected exfoliation time. The aim of this study was to review all suggested restorative techniques as well as their success rate in treatment of decayed maxillary anterior teeth. Aside from initial hand searching, all published studies after 1990 were identified by searching Medline, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Iran-medex, Google and scholar databases using "bottle caries, early childhood caries, treatment of nursing caries, children caries". For intra-canal retention of severely decayed primary teeth, resin composites, reinforced fiber, fiber glass, treated post, nickel chromium cast post with macroretentive element, can be used. A variety of restorative materials and technique are available for restoring primary anterior teeth such as atraumatic restoration, sandwich technique, stainless steel crown, open-face crown, pre-veneered S.S.C, bicarbonate crown, resin composite crown, biologic crown and strip crown. However, due to lack of supporting clinical data, none of these crowns can be determined as superior to others. Choosing many alternative treatment plans available to repair carious primary anterior teeth, the operator need to consider several factors such as, size and location of lesion, parental esthetic demands, child's attitude and behavior, moisture and hemorrhage control. These are variables that ultimately affect the treatment outcome