[Effect of a session resistance exercise on mRNA expression of NT-3 and TrkC proteins in soleus muscle of Wistar rats]

Background and Objective: Skeletal muscle expresses several neurotrophin and their receptors which providing the basis for neurotrophin signaling within the muscle compartments. This study was done to evaluate the effect of a session of resistance exercise on mRNA expression of NT-3 and TrkC proteins in soleus muscle of Wistar Rats

Methods: In this experimental study, 16 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into exercise and control groups. The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a 1-meter-long ladder, with a weight attached to a tail sleeve. Expressions of NT-4/5 and P75, quantitatively were measured using RT-PCR

Results: There was not any significant alteration in NT-3 mRNA in soleus muscle after resistance exercise. However, one session of resistance exercise significantly increased mRNA expression of TrkC [1.7 Folds] in soleus muscle [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Resistance exercise increases TrkC expression in soleuse muscle of wistar rats

[Effect of resistance exercise on protein content and mRNA expression of NT 4/5 in rat slow and fast muscles]

Trophic factor family plays a key role for neuromuscular system healthy. This study was carried out to determine the effect of one session of resistance exercise on protein content and mRNA expression of NT4/5 in rat slow and fast muscles. In this experimental study, sixteen adult male rats randomly were allocated into resistance exercise [T] and control groups. The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a 1-meter-long ladder, with a weight attached to a tail sleeve. Quantitative Real time RT-PCR for NT-4/5 expression and ELISA Kit for protein assay were used. Resistance training significantly decreased mRNA expression and increased protein of NT4/5 in soleus muscle [P<0.05]. Significant alteration was not detected in flexor hallucis longus muscle. One session of resistance training can alter protein and mRNA of NT-4/5 in skeletal muscle and this alteration was dependent on muscle type

[Effect of six weeks endurance training on tumor tissue IL-10 cytokine levels in breast cancer bearing mice]

The twenty female Balb/c mice [6-8 week-old, 14 +/- 2 gr weights] were divided to two control and exercise groups. After orientation in the environment, estrogen-receptor dependent breast cancer cells [MC4-L2] were injected to them and exercise group performed endurance exercise for 6 weeks. After appearance of the tumor, the length and width of the tumor were measured by a digital caliper once a week. Finally, the mice were sacrificed; tumor tissue was removed and immediately frozen and kept in -70°C. Tumor sample was homogenized and levels of IL-10 were measured and quantified using ELISA method. There was significant increase on level of IL-10 in exercise group than control group [P>0.05]. Tumor volume reduced in exercise group than control group. The results showed that the amount of IL-10 significantly increased in the exercise group compared to control group Also reduction in tumor volume observed in the exercise group compared to control group. Increased levels of IL-10 was in parallel to reduction in tumor volume, which shows that exercise lead to reduction tumor growth through increased levels of this cytokine. Angiogenesis is a prerequisite for continued growth and spread of tumors, therefore, increased levels of IL-10 that is an angiogenesis cytokine in the exercise group compared to the control group shows exercise can inhibit from tumor growth by modulating cytokine profile within the tumor microenvironment

[ effect of resistance training on plasma and skeletal muscles sphingosine-1-phosphate levels of male Wistar rat]

Sphingosine 1-phosphate [S1P] is a bioactive platelet-derived sphingolipid that is involved in regulation of proliferation, differentiation, hypertrophy and anti-apoptosis of cells and activation of satellite cells. The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of resistance training on S1P levels of plasma and skeletal muscles in male Wistar rats. Twenty four 8-week-old male Wistar rats were used in this study. The initial body weight of rats was 190 to 250 gr. All animals were maintained in pairs in an environmentally controlled room at 22°C, 12:12-h photoperiod cycle and allowed normal cage activity. The animals were fed standard rat chow and water ad libitum. After a week of acclimation to the animal facility, the rats were assigned randomly to a control [N=12] or training [N=12] group. Resistance training was done using a 1 meter height ladder with 2 cm grid with an 85 degree incline, and weights attached to rat's tails. The content of sphingosine-1- phosphate [S1P] present in the chloroform layer was determined by means of high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]. Resistance exercise training increased the total content of S1P in FHL [fast-twitch] [P=0.003] and soleus [slow-twitch] [P=0.008] muscles and plasma [P=0.001] in comparison with control group. It is concluded that resistance exercise training strongly affects the S1P content in fast and slow twitch muscles and plasma

[Comparison of the effects of creatine monohydrate, sodium bicarbonate and their combined administration on anerobic performance and blood lactate level in wrestlers]

Creatine and sodium bicarbonate are energizer supplements used by sportsmen to reduce fatigue and increase power output in sprints - short, strenous excecises - such as rapid running and explosive movements.The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of creatine monohydrate, sodium bicarbonate and their combined administration on anerobic performance and blood lactate level in wrestlers. A group of 24 national Iranian junior male wrestlers with a mean age, height, weight and body mass index [BMI] of 17.7 +/- 4.76 years, 179.6 +/- 7.39cm, 1 +/- 9.94 kg and 23.17+1.92 kg/m[2], respectively, participated in this study. They all took a placebo for 2 days [20 g maltodextrin/day] and then completed six 10-second Wingate sprints, with a 60-second active rest between each 2. After a lapse of 10 days, the subjects were randomly assigned, on the basis of base power and body weight, to a creatine [Cr; 20g creatine/day], sodium bicarbonate [Sb; 0.065 g/kg sodium bicarbonate/day] or creatine-plus-sodium bicarbonate [Cr + Sb; 5g Cr + 0.065 g/kg sodium bicarbonate/day] supplement, using a double-blind design. They took the supplements and the placebo 4 times daily at 9 AM, noon [12'oclock], 6 PM and 10 PM and drank large amounts of water. In the next phase of the study, 2 days after taking the supplements/placebo, the Wingate tests [six 10-second tests] were repeated and relative peak powers [PP], relative mean power [MP] and fatigue index [FI] were assessed. Blood lactate was measured in a hand-finger blood sample before, immediately and 3 minutes after the last Wingate sprint. The data were analyzed, the statistical tests being repeated measures, t-test and ANOVA. An alpha of p

[ effect of 4 weeks resistance training on serum Vaspin, Il-6, CRP and TNF-alpha concentrations in diabetic rats]

Vaspin is a novel adipokine that potentially improves insulin sensitivity. However, there is limited information available regarding the effect of exercise training on serum vaspin concentrations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on serum vaspin levels and some inflammatory markers in diabetic status. Thirty six male Wister rats [288 +/- 22 g] were randomly divided into four groups: Non-diabetic control, non-diabetic trained, diabetic control and diabetic trained. The exercise groups were subjected to a resistance training program with the use of a ladder [3 days/wk, for 4 wk]. Body weight, serum vaspin, C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha and fasting glucose were measured. Four weeks resistance exercise training in nondiabetic rats decreased serum vaspin levels significantly, while in the trained diabetic group, serum vaspin levels increased significantly when compared with the diabetic sedentary group. The resistance training programme did not however change TNF-alpha, IL-6 and glucose concentrations. A decrease in CRP was observed in both the resistance trained groups when compared with their control groups. We found that resistance training exercise programmes affected the serum vaspin response of diabetic and non-diabetic groups of rats differently. However further research is warranted in order to unravel the molecular mechanism for the range of responses and the role of serum vaspin. Decreased levels of CRP may also be indicative of the possible effect of resistance training to modulate pro-inflammatory parameters linked to diabetes

effect of endurance training in changes of blood lactate and plasma calcitonin gene related peptide levels in type 2 diabetic rats

Streptozotocin-induced type2 diabetes causes functional and metabolic changes in some tissues and subsequently produces some intermediates and substances which enter the circulation. On the other hand, endurance training can modify the amount of these substances. In this study, the effects of diabetes and endurance training on resting levels of blood lactate and plasma calcitonin gene- related peptide [CGRP] were investigated. Fifty rats were divided into 4 groups including control nondiabetic [n=10] training nondiabetic [n=10] nontraining diabetic [n=15] and training diabetic. Diabetes was induced by feeding with high fat diet HFD and injecting STZ. The training groups underwent an endurance training program on treadmill. Blood Lactate concentration was measured by a lactate kit and plasma CGRP concentration was determined by enzyme immunoassay kit [EIA]. In the control nondiabetic, training nondiabetic, nontraining diabetic control and training diabetic groups, the restig values of blood lactate were 2.4, 2.08, 4.5, 3.7 [mmol/L] and plasma CGRP values were 0.40, 0.35, 4.9,3.0 [ng/ml], respectively. Resting levels of circulating lactate and CGRP were higher in diabetic subjects than in control nondiabetic rats and endurance training decreased resting value of blood lactate in diabetic rats but did not change the plasma CGRP. Thus, it seems that the role of endurance training in ameliorating diabetes is due to decreasing resting level of blood lactate, but not plasma CGRP

[ effect of body composition and physical activity on basal levels of insulin, glucose, IL-18, IL-6 and CRP and their relationship with insulin resistance]

Obesity and physically inactive lifestyles are associated with an increased risk for developing insulin resistance. It has been confirmed that insulin resistance is a common feature in many inflammatory diseases and can be recognized with overproduced levels of markers such as IL-6, IL-18 and CRP. The aim of this study was to determine whether obesity or inactivity are stronger factors in the develop mental insulin resistance, considering insulin resistance markers such as IL-6, IL-18 and CRP. Thirty-two healthy, male students participated in the present study, age 24. 8 +/- 2.52 years, height 175.47 +/- 6.7, and weight 81.64 +/- 20.14]. Weight and body fat were measured with the body composition set and levels of exercise was determined with the PA-Rscore questionnaire. All subjects based on body fat and levels of exercise were divided into 4 groups: Active obese [n=8], active, non-obese[n=8], inactive, obese [n=8] and inactive, non obese[n=8]. To determine fasting values of IL-6, IL-18, CRP, glucose and insulin blood samples were obtained at 8 a.m. Obese subjects had higher resting levels of IL-6, IL18, CRP and insulin than lean subjects, with no significant difference between active lean and inactive lean subjects at resting levels of inflammatory markers. However there was a significant difference in the resting levels of IL-18 between active and inactive obese subjects [t=-2.51 p=0.031], and also a significant difference in resting levels of IL-6, IL18, CRP, insulin and HOMA between inactive obese with active and inactive lean subjects, IL-18 having the strongest relationship with HOMA [r=0.54 p=0.001]. Results indicated that obesity is a stronger factor than inactivity for development of insulin resistance. On the other hand, activity has anti-inflammatory effects, and hence can decrease the effects of obesity, in the development of insulin resistance

Effect of 4 weeks of supramaximal sprint interval training on physiological, hormonal and metabolic factors

Supramaximal sprint interval training is an efficient means of improving physical fitness within a short period of time. However the effects of this type of training which cause hormonal and physiological adaptations to increase enhanced aerobic and anaerobic performances, are not well known. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of four weeks of Supramaximal sprint interval training on some hormonal and physiological variables. Fifteen trained wrestlers were randomly assigned into two groups, the experimental [EXP=8] and controls [CON=7] groups. Before and after training, subjects performed [a] a graded exercise test; and [b] four consecutive Wingate tests with 4-min recovery intervals between each. Resting blood samples were collected before and after training. Both groups followed the same wrestling training program for 4 weeks; additionally, the EXP group performed a running-based anaerobic sprint test [RAST] as a Supramaximal sprint interval training protocol for 4 weeks, two sessions per week. The EXP group showed improvements in V02max [+5.4%], Peak power output [34.9%] and Mean Power Output [29.3%] after the training [P<0.05], along with significant increases in total testosterone, total testosterone/cortisol ratio [TCR] and free testosterone/cortisol [FTCR] ratio in the EXP group, but there were no significant differences between groups. Cortisol was tended to decrease in both groups [P>0.05], but none of the variables were changed in the CON group after the training. The current findings suggest that the Supramaximal sprint interval training program with short recovery can increase both aerobic and anaerobic performances. The changes observed in FTCR and TCR suggest exercise training-induced anabolic adaptations

[Effects of endurance and resistance training on calcitonin gene-related content in slow and fast twitch rat muscles]

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide [CGRP], a 37-amino acid peptide generated by alternative processing of primary transcripts from calcitonin gene, is broadly distributed in the peripheral and central nervous systems of vertebrate and invertebrate species, CGRP plays a main role in the neuromuscular junction. This paper investigates the effects of endurance and resistance training on the content of CGRP in the slow and fast twitch muscles. Twenty-two male Wistar rats, [age 10 mo, weight 220 +/- 20gr, Pasteur Institute] were randomly divided to three groups.] Control [n=7], Endurance training [n=7], and Resistance training [n=8]] and underwent 12 weeks training according to protocols. Animals of the resistance training group were housed in a metal cage with a wire-mesh tower; endurance training included treadmill running], 5 days a week, 60 min/day, 30 m/min speed, for animals in this group. Forty-eight hours after last session of protocols, animals were anaesthetized. The right soleus and anterior tibialis were removed, and, tissues were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at -70°C for use later. CGRP content was measured by the ELISA method. For data analyses, one-way ANOVA was used. There was no significant difference between control and endurance training groups in the CGRP of slow and fast twitch muscles. However the content of CGRP in both fast and slow twitch muscles was significantly different in the resistance training group as compared to the control group. That training can be a main factor for CGRP release in muscles. In addition, the type and intensity of activity probably contribute to increase in CGRP content