[Adipolin and insulin resistance response to two types of exercise training in type 2 diabetic male rats]

Introduction: Adipolin [CTRP12], which improves insulin sensitivity, is a novel anti-inflammatory adipocytokine secreted from adipose tissue. In this study we aimed to assess the Adipolin and Insulin Resistance index [HOMA-IR] response to two types of exercise in type 2 diabetic male rats

Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 diabetic Wistar rats [Induced by high-fat diet and Streptozotocin[stz] injection] were randomly assigned to 3 groups: High intensity interval exercise [HIIT], low intensity continuous training [LICT] and control [C]. Both training groups were trained on the treadmill, 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken 24 hours after the end of training session and plasma adipolin, insulin and glucose levels were measured. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze data and the level of significance was considered to be p60.05

Results: Data analysis showed that plasma adipolin levels in the low intensity continuous training group were significantly increased, compared to the control group [p=0.006]. Plasma glucose level in both the low intensity continuous training and the high intensity interval groups was significantly decreased, compared to the control group [p=0.049] and [p=0.007]. Plasma insulin level in both training groups was increased and HOMA-IR index was decreased, compared to the control group, although changes were not significant

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that exercise training can increase plasma adipolin in rats with type 2 diabetes, changes however that are partially dependent on the type of exercise training

[Comparison of the effects of regular aerobic training irisin serum changes in sedentary obese men]

Introduction: The aim of current study was to compare on the effects of regular aerobic training intensities on PGC1-alpha- dependent myokine serum changes and to evaluate lipid profile changes in sedentary obese men

Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine obese men with BMI > 27 were selected and were divided into three groups; group I carried out exercise training with 50-60% of maximum heart rate [Low intensity], group II with 70-80% of maximum heart rate [High intensity], and group III do not carried out exercise training [control group]. All training groups carried out exercise training for 30 continuous sessions [3 sessions/per-week for 30 to 45 min per session]. After initial assessments anthropometrical, VO2max and blood sampling], followed by 10 weeks of exercise training, post-intervention assessments were completed 24 hours after the last training session

Results: Findings were clarified that Irisin was significantly increased in the low intensity group [p=0.005], and increased by twenty-seven percent in high intensity group, difference however not statistically significant [p=0.08]. Also, HDL-cholesterol significantly increased significantly in both groups [p<0.05], LDL to HDL-cholesterol ratio decreased significantly [p<0.05]. In addition, there were significant relationships between some of the lipid and anthropometrical indices with Irisin [p<0.05]

Conclusion: Both of the training interventions had a good effect on of Irisin changes and improvement of lipid profiles in obese subjects. Nevertheless, compared to other intensities, the effectiveness of low intensity training in these subjects was better. In addition, it seems that exercise training can ameliorate Irisin resistance

[Comparing the effects of high intensity endurance training and resistance training on irisin levels and insulin resistance in rats]

Introduction: Irisin is a myokine released from a membrane protein FNDC5 and has positive effects on metabolism. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high intensity endurance training [HIET] and resistance training [RT] on serum irisin and the insulin resistance index in male rats

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into the high intensity endurance training [HIET], resistance training [RT] and control groups HIET was conducted on a treadmill for 10 weeks, while RT consisted of climbing a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. After 10 weeks of training, serum concentration of irisin, glucose and insulin were measured

Results: Irisin serum levels increased significantly following 10 weeks of HIET, compared with RT [P=0.008]. Glucose levels [P=0.001] and insulin resistance index [P=0.009] in the HIET group were significantly lower than the RT group and the control group as well [P=0.001]. In addition, high intensity endurance training decreased the body weight of the HIET group significantly [P=0.008]. Also, Irisin was found to have a significant negative correlation with glucose and insulin resistance index, whereas no significant relationship was seen between irisin and insulin

Conclusion: Compared to resistance training, HIET is more effective in increasing irisin and the decreasing glucose and the insulin resistance index

[Comparison of endurance training and endurance training combined with taking garlic supplement on serum homocysteine levels, tissue plasminogen activator in sedentary women]

Introduction: In present study, we examined the effects of endurance training alone and endurance training combined with taking garlic supplement on serum homocysteine levels, complex plasminogen activator [TPA], and body composition parameters such as weight, BMI and body fat percentage in sedentary women

Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven women who used to Alzahra sport clubs of 3 and 4 municipality of Tehran participated in this study [age, 38.53 +/- 7.59 years; weight, 77.61 +/- 5.26 kg]. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups, endurance training, endurance training combined with garlic supplement and the control groups. The training protocol included: Running on a treadmill for 60 minutes at 60 to 75% of maximum heart rate for 10 weeks 5 times a week. Subjects of the training combined with garlic supplement group, received 2 tablets daily [in the form of capsules, 500 mg, nature made]. At the beginning and 48 hours after training, the subjects were assessed for homocysteine and TPA. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and one way ANOVA [P<0.05]

Results: Findings showed that in the endurance training and the endurance training combined with garlic supplement groups, serum homocysteine levels were significantly decreased [p<0.05]. Although, other variables were reduced, but these changes were not statistically significant

Conclusion: According to this study, 10 weeks of endurance exercise with reduction of homocysteine levels, could lead to reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease in sedentary obese women

[Comparison of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction on serum preptin levels and indicators of insulin resistance in obese sedentary women]

Introduction: preptin is a recently isolated peptide hormone that is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic beta-cells. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction on serum preptin levels and HOMA-IR in sedentary obese women

Materials and methods: forty women who referred to home health centers were divided into four groups for 16 weeks of follow up: Aerobic exercise [experimental group 1], caloric restriction [experimental group 2], aerobic exercise with caloric restriction [experimental group 3] and the control group. Training programs in experimental group 1 consisted of aerobic training and running on a treadmill for 105.183 +/- 5.63 minutes, 4 times a wk. In experimental group 2, subjects followed a diet with caloric restriction equivalent to physical activity energy expenditure. Subjects in the experimental group 3 used a training program similar to experimental group 1 for 66.85 +/- 5.34 minutes, 3 times a wk and received a diet with half the amount of caloric restriction of experimental group 2

Results: weight, BMI and WHR showed significant reduction in the experimental groups. Serum preptin levels were decreased by 21.97%, 28.32% and 27.11% in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. HOMA-IR was decreased significantly in the 3 groups. Significant correlations were seen between changes of preptin and changes of weight, WHR and HOMA-IR [p<0.05]

Conclusion: considering the relationship between preptin and insulin resistance and the influence of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction, preptin may play an effective role in weight management and prevention of diabetes

[Effects of interval training on leptin and hormone levels affecting lipid metabolism in young obese/ overweight men]

This study examined the effects of interval training on serum levels of leptin, cortisol, testosterone, growth hormone [GH]and insulin resistance index [HOMA-IR] in young overweight/ obese men. Eighteen previously sedentary, overweight/ obese men [BMI=31.2 +/- 3.33 Kg/m2, mean age 20 y- 3 mo] in two, the experimental and control groups, participated in 16 weeks of moderate to high intensity interval training [8-10 x 4 minutes sets of running at 60-90% of Reserve Heart Rate and 2 minutes rest interval at 40-50% of Reserve Heart Rate], three days per week. Serum levels of leptin, cortisol, testosterone, insulin, GH and HOMA-IR, and anthropometric indices were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. Statistical analysis was done by paired and independent t-test and Pearson correlation, P value<0.05 being considered significant. Interval training resulted in decreased in levels of leptin [P=0.007] and anthropometric indices such as body fat percent, body fat mass, waist circumference and waist - to- hip ratio [P<0.05]; testosterone and cortisol levels increased following interval training [P<0.05]. However, no significant correlation was found between primary levels and alterations in leptin levels and the anthropometric indices assessed [P>0.05]. Moderate to high intensity interval training improves lipid metabolism via regulating leptin, testosterone and cortisol levels and body composition, in young overweight/ obese men, changes that may not be in line with changes occuring in insulin and GH.

Effects of resistance and endurance training on coronary heart disease biomarker in sedentary obese women

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 is one of the factors associating obesity and inflammatory lesions like atherosclerosis. This study examined the effects of resistance [R] and endurance [E] training on serum levels of slCAM-1 and lipid profiles in sedentary obese women. Participants included 24 [8 control, 8 RT and 8 ET] obese [BMI>30] women, studied before and after 10 weeks of resistance training [40-60% of 1RM] and swimming endurance training [at 50-60% of HRmax], 3 days/week. Serum levels of slCAM-1, lipid profiles and anthropometric indices were measured at baseline and again 48 hours after training. Statistical analysis was done by paired t-test. ANOVA and Pearson correlation, and P value<0.05 was considered significant. Levels of slCAM-1 [P=0.042], cholesterol [P=0.006] and HDL-C [P=0.006] changed significantly following 10 weeks of endurance and resistance training compared to those of the control group. There was significant decrease in serum levels of slCAM-1 in the both RT [P=0.012, 21.7%] and ET groups [P=0.017, 18.4%]. Although significant changes did not exist in lipid profiles after resistance training [p>0.05], TG [P=0.001], cholesterol [P=0.043] and HDL-C [P=0.002] changed significantly in the endurance training group. Hence there were significant correlations between the primary level of slCAM-1 and primary values of BF% [P=0.031], pelvic [P=0.005] and waist [P=0.006] circumferences following endurance training, whereas changes in the levels of slCAM-1 or lipid profiles and anthropometric markers did not correlate significantly in the resistance training group [p>0.05]. Although decrease in slCAM-1 level may be associated with the beneficial effects of training on body composition or/and lipid profile, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the effects of resistance training on ICAM-1 level