Qur'an and the development of rational thinking

In this study, the means utilized by the Qur'an in actualizing the possibilities of all intellect to face the problem of blind imitation of ancestors were elaborated. Rationality as meant by the Qur'an and embodied in its unique style is presented. Furthermore, the Qur'anic documentation of the role of practical demonstration on the individual's mind as well as the societies' collective mind is pointed out. In addition, the study shows how the Qur'an guides people to the proper use of reason within a scientific framework of mind

Introducing medical humanities in the medical curriculum in Saudi Arabia: a pedagogical experiment

In a marked shift from the modern positivist materialist philosophy that influenced medical education for more than a century, Western medical educators are now beginning to realize the significance of the spiritual element of human nature. Consensus is currently building up in Europe and North America on the need to give more emphasis to the study of humanities disciplines such as history of medicine, ethics, religion, philosophy, medically related poetry, literature, arts and medical sociology in medical colleges with the aim of allowing graduates to reach to the heart of human learning about meaning of life and death and to become kinder, more reflective practitioners. The medicine taught and practiced during the Islamic civilization era was a vivid example of the unity of the two components of medical knowledge: natural sciences and humanities. It was also a brilliant illustration of medical ethics driven by a divine moral code. This historical fact formed the foundation for the three medical humanities courses presented in this article reporting a pedagogical experiment in preparation for starting a humanities program in Alfaisal University Medical College in Riyadh. In a series of lectures alternating with interactive sessions, active learning strategies were employed in teaching a course on history of medicine during the Islamic era and another on Islamic medical ethics. Furthermore, a third course on medically relevant Arabic poetry was designed and prepared in a similar way. The end-of-the-course feedback comments reflected effectiveness of the courses and highlighted the importance of employing student-centered learning techniques in order to motivate medical students to become critical thinkers, problem solvers, life-long learners and self-learners

Experimental medicine 1000 years ago

Little is known about the state of experimentation in the field of medicine during the Medieval Islamic era. With few exceptions, most of the contemporary sources on history of medicine propagate the idea that the roots of experimental medicine in its modern form, including clinical trials and drug-potency studies, first started during the European Renaissance in the 16[th] to the 18[th] centuries. This study is part of an ongoing multidisciplinary primary-source investigation of the original Arabic works of 11 Islamic medical scholars who lived and practiced between the 9[th] and the 13[th] centuries. The study critically evaluated and documented their contributions to the development of the scientific method and experimental medicine during that medieval Islamic era in several areas including critical appraisal of previous knowledge, clinical observations and case reports, clinical therapeutic trials, drug potency trials, experimentation on animals, dissection and dissection experiments as well as postmortem examinations. In each of the above-mentioned areas, significant contributions were made during the Medieval Islamic era from as early as the ninth century AD

Contributions of Ibn Al-Nafis [1210-1288 AD] to the progress of medicine and urology. A study and translations from his medical works

This primary-source study of 4 medical works of the 13th century Muslim scholar Ibn Al-Nafis confirmed that his Kitab Al-Mujaz Fi Al-Tibb was authored as an independent book meant to be a handbook for medical students and practitioners not as an epitome of Kitab Al-Qanun of Ibn Sina as thought by recent historians. His huge medical encyclopedia, Al-Shamil, represents a wave of intense scientific activity that spread among the scholars of Cairo and Damascus following the massive destruction of books by Hulako's Army during the devastation of Baghdad in 1258. Like his predecessors in the Islamic Era, Ibn Al-Nafis critically appraised the views of scholars before him in the light of his own experimentation and direct observations. Accordingly, in his books Sharh Tashreeh Al-Qanun, Risalat al-Aadaa and Al-Risalah Al-Kameleyyah, we find the first description of the coronary vessels and the true concept of the blood supply of the heart as well as the correct description of the pulmonary circulation and the beginnings of the proper understanding of the systemic circulation. Those discoveries of Ibn Al-Nafis, translated to Latin by Andreas Alpagus printed in Venice in 1547, appeared, 6 years later, in the Christianismi Restituto of Servetus and, in 1555, in the De Fabrica Humani Corporis of Vesalius 2nd edition then in the works of Valvarde 1554, Columbus 1559, Cesalpino 1571, and finally Harvey in 1628. Furthermore, this study documented several other contributions of Ibn Al-Nafis to the progress of human functional anatomy and to advances in medical and surgical practice

review of urinary stone analysis techniques

Knowledge of the chemical composition and structure of urinary stones is of great value in the choice of treatment and prevention of recurrence. This is a brief review and a comparative study of the principles and practical application of various chemical and physical techniques used for urinary stone analysis. The different methods of classifying and grouping urinary stones by results of chemical analytic techniques are, also, compared and evaluated. In addition to reviewing various techniques used for the in-vitro analysis of removed stone samples, the newly emerging physical and radiological techniques for the in-vivo intact-stone analysis are, also, evaluated. These in-vivo techniques, particularly the rapidly advancing unenhanced spiral CT scanning, represent an important step forward towards the notion of non- destructive analysis of urinary stones while still in situ before the choice of treatment modality

Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology. A study and translations from his book Al-Mukhtar

This study of the Arabic 4-volume book of Al-Mukhtar Fi Al-Tibb [Choice Book on Medicine] written by the Muslim physician Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi [515-610 H, 1117-1213 AD] aimed at evaluating his contributions to the progress of medicine and urology along with providing English translations of relevant excerpts. Al-Baghdadi laid emphasis on the morals of medical practice and the principles of medical education describing how to select medical students and how to evaluate graduates. He stressed on the need for a long training program directly supervised by skilled expert doctors both in hospitals [Al-Bimaristanat] and during home visits. A good part of volume 1 was allocated to preventive medicine and the whole of volume 2 was devoted to the pharmacy section, which he restricted to what was proven by the experience of his teacher and by his own experiments. Same as all his predecessors in the Islamic era, Al-Baghdadi stressed the importance of clinical medicine and gave more details related to history taking, physical examination, differential diagnosis and prognosis. Similar to them, he also, emphasized that a doctor should be quite knowledgeable in anatomy. Furthermore, the presence of anatomical drawings in Kitab Al-Mukhtar Fi Al-Tibb is a further step forward in illustrating medical text books; a trend that flourished in the Islamic era reflecting the role of direct observations and experience. The detailed description of the functional anatomy of the uretero-vesical junction and the antireflux and micturition mechanisms given by Al-Baghdadi is contrary to that of Galen [130-200 AD] but conforms well to our contemporary understanding. In the conservative management of urinary stones, he described 70 simple and 13 compound drugs while those described by Pulus of Aegina [625-690 AD] were only 20 simple and 3 compound drugs. Furthermore, Al-Baghdadi's description of the instruments and techniques of urethral catheterization, perineal cystolithotomy and perineal cystolithotripsy using Al-Zahrawi's lithotrite is meticulous and reveals originality, dexterity and experience

Contributions of Ibn Zuhr [Avenzoar] to the progress of surgery: a study and translations from his book Al -Taisir

This study of the original Arabic edition of the book Al-Taisir Fil-Mudawat Wal-Tadbeer [Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet] written by the Muslim physician Abu-Marwan Abdel-Malik Ibn Zuhr [Avenzoar, 1093-1162 AD] aimed at evaluating his contributions to the progress of surgery and providing English translations of relevant excerpts. Ibn Zuhr s unique experiment performing a tracheotomy on a goat, proved the safety of this operation in humans and represented a further step in the development of the experimental school started by Al-Razi [Rhazes] of Baghdad in the ninth century who is known to have given monkeys doses of mercury to test it as a drug for human use. Ibn Zuhr also performed post mortems on sheep in the course of his clinical research on treatment of ulcerating diseases of the lungs. Same as all his predecessors in the Islamic Era, he stressed the importance of a practical and sound knowledge of anatomy for surgical trainees. Furthermore, Ibn Zuhr insisted on a well supervised and structured training program for the surgeon-to-be, before allowing him to operate independently. He also drew the red lines at which a physician should stop, during his general management of a surgical condition; a step forward in the evolution of general surgery as a specialty of its own. He believed in prophylaxis against urinary stone disease and reported the importance of dietary management for that purpose. Furthermore, Ibn Zuhr enriched surgical and medical knowledge by describing many diseases and treatment innovations not ever described before him

Extraction of urinary bladder stone as described by Abul-Qasim Khalaf Abbas Alzahrawi [Albucasis] [325-404 H,930-1013 AD]. A translation of original text and a commentary

This is a detailed study of the technique of cystolithotomy as practiced by the Muslim surgeon Alzahrawi [Albucasis] in Cordova more than 1000 years ago. In addition to translating the relevant chapter in his book Al-Tasreef, his technique is critically evaluated comparing it with that of his predecessors and his successors. The study confirmed the originality of Alzahrawi who described operative steps and invented operative instruments not known in the Greco-Roman era. He was also the first to describe, in details, the operative technique in women and to recommend the 2-stage operation in complicated cases. His modifications and innovations greatly influenced surgery in Middle Ages Europe up to the 18th century which witnessed the beginnings of the modern method using the suprapubic, instead of the perineal, approach. Alzahrawi's influence is vividly seen in the practice of the Italian lithotomist "Marianus Sanctus" [16th century], the French "Jack De Beaulieu" [17th century] and the English "Shelsden" [18th century]. Alzahrawi is the founder of lithotripsy. He introduced Al-Kalaleeb forceps to crush large bladder stones and Al-Mishaab to drill and fragment an impacted urethral stone. Andreas a Cruce [18th century] only added screw action to Al-Kalaleeb lithotrite but Amussat managed in 1822 to apply it transurethrally. Similarly, by the notion of transurethrally getting at the stone while within the bladder, Alzahrawi's idea of drilling by Al-Mishaab was the foundation of the litholepte of Fournier de Lempdes [1812], the instrument of Gruithusien [1813], Civiale's trilabe [1818] and the brise coque of Rigal De Galliac [1829]

functional anatomy of the uretero-vesical junction. A historical review

This paper evaluates the progress of anatomy and dissection during the Middle Ages both in Europe and in the Muslim World. For that purpose, the functional anatomy of the ureterovesical junction and the mechanism of micturition were studied both in the works of Galen [130-200 AD] and in the works of 6 Islamic medical scholars who lived in the period from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries AD [Alrazi, Alzahrawi, Ibn Sina, Al-Baghdadi, Ibn El Nefis and Ibn El Quff]. The study relied, only, on original sources in the form of authentic editions and manuscripts. In general, the ideas and findings of those 6 Islamic physicians, as regard the anti-reflux and the micturition mechanisms, differed and contradicted with those of Galen but conformed well with our present day concepts

Urethral catheters: a historical review

In the Graeco-Roman era and in the Middle Ages in Europe, S-shaped bronze catheters with one terminal eye were in common use. In the East, the evolution of urethral catheters started with the firm establishment of Moslem supremacy, and by 1013, straight or one-curve catheters made of gold, silver, copper, lead or salve of white lead with a rounded end and many side holes and a stylet were the standard instruments. Then in Europe in 1853 a prototype of the Foley catheter was designed. The next important evolutionary step was the rubber catheter of Nelaton in 1873

Some observations on cancer bladder in Saudi Arabia

Presented is a preliminary report on cancer of the bladder presenting in Saudi Arabia. The magnitude of the association with urinary bilharziasis is not yet clear but, of the 13 cases of bladder cancer here reviewed, 8 had evidence of bilharziasis, and over half were under the age of forty years. Methods of management and complications are briefly discussed