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This study aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of methylene blue (MB) photosensitizers in the management of symptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP). Electronic online databases and manual searches were performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between January 2010 and February 2022. RCTs comparing photodynamic therapy (PDT) and corticosteroid therapy at baseline and follow-up period were identified. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. A meta-analysis was performed regarding visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Thongprasom sign scores, lesion size, response to treatment, and exacerbation of lesions after therapy. The clinical severity was analyzed qualitatively. Five RCTs consisting of 180 samples fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All parameters of VAS score, Thongprasom sign score, lesion size, and response to treatment were statistically non-significant. Our results indicate that both MB-PDT and corticosteroid therapy are effective for the management of OLP. Moreover, MB-PDT is an effective alternative treatment option for OLP when corticosteroids are contraindicated. However, conclusive evidence cannot be ascertained owing to the heterogeneity among the studies.
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In the current competitive world, life without an internet is unimaginable. Internet can be utilized generously for overall progress toward accomplishing good aspects. However, it is misused or abused, especially among adolescent and young adults,
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Low birth weight (LBW) is a significant indicator of child survival and future morbidity in any community all over the world. It has reduced considerably in developing countries due to improved living conditions and better care of women and adolescent girls. However, in developing countries, it is still an important cause of child mortality and morbidity. LBW is typically multifactorial at different levels such as maternal, fetal, and environmental factors. Objectives: The objectives are as follows: (1) To assess the prevalence of LBW in a tertiary care setting in a rural area and (2) to determine various sociodemographic factors associated with LBW and degree of association of each. Materials and Methods: A record based study was conducted at Adichunchanagiri Hospital and Research Centre, wherein all singleton live births data for 1 year (January 1, 2016–December 31, 2016) were accessed from the MRD section of AH and RC. All available data were analyzed using percentages, odds ratio, and Multivariate analysis. Results: Overall, the prevalence of LBW was 15.89% (194 LBW out of 1221 live births). Female babies (17.12%), Teenage mothers (19.37%), Rural residence (15.94%), Maternal Hypertension (21%), and Shorter spacing between pregnancies (17.47%), and Preterm (62%) were some associated factors with LBW. Of all the above risk factors, teenage mothers, spacing, and gestational age were found to be statistically significantly associated with LBW. Conclusions: Although declining in most communities, LBW still remains unacceptably high in many undeveloped regions. It requires a multi-pronged approach by a team of dedicated professionals to reduce this problem afflicting mankind.
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Context: Ionizing radiation is a well-known carcinogen in humans. Chromosomal aberrations and formation of micronuclei in cell cytoplasm are early biological evidence of carcinogenesis. Aims: This study was undertaken to assess the genotoxic effect of panoramic radiography in the buccal epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: The study included 60 healthy individuals (median age 23.5 years; age range 12-65 years) who underwent panoramic radiographic examination. Exfoliated buccal epithelial cells were obtained immediately before and 10 days after radiation exposure. The cells were stained with Giemsa and evaluated for micronuclei by scoring 1000 cells per sample. Statistical analysis used: The paired 't ' test was used to find out the significance of difference in the number of micronuclei before and after x-ray exposure. The Karl Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find out the correlation between age and micronucleated cell frequencies and number of micronucleus per 1000 cells. The ANOVA test was used to find out if there were significant differences in micronucleated cell frequencies between different age-groups. Student's unpaired 't' test was used to find out the significance of difference in micronucleated cell frequencies and number of micronucleus per 1000 cells between genders. Results: The paired 't' test showed that micronucleated cell frequencies (P = 0.02) and number of micronucleus per 1000 cells (P = 0.047) were significantly higher after radiographic exposure. The mean number of micronucleated cells before and after radiation exposure were 0.48 ± 0.14 and 0.51 ± 0.15, respectively. There was statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in buccal epithelial cells after exposure to panoramic radiography. The correlation of micronucleus frequency with age and gender was statistically nonsignificant. Conclusions: The results indicate that panoramic radiography may induce genotoxic effects in buccal epithelial cells. Considering this risk, panoramic radiography should be used cautiously.