Spectrophotometric investigation of Glutathione modulation by Thallium chloride in aqueous medium

Thallium has been shown to significantly influence various tissues of living organisms; Exposure to Thallium can disturb mitochondrial function, degenerate neurons, and interfere with the function of critical metabolic enzymes and co-enzymes. Glutathione [GSH] an essential biomarker is considered a key factor in harnessing the thallium toxicity. In the present study the interaction of Thallium [Thallium Chloride] and glutathione was investigated spectro- photometrically in aqueous media. The renowned Elman's experimental protocol was followed at a wavelength of 412nm for Glutathione quantification in each sample. The pH of each sample was maintained at 7.6 using Phosphate buffer during the entire course of the experiment. A concentration as well as time dependent depletion of glutathione after exposure to various concentration of Thallium metal was observed, revealing chemical interaction between the metal and glutathione. The exact mechanism of interaction of Thallium and glutathione is still to be investigated. However, this piece of research suggests that a decrease in the concentration of Glutathione may be due to Thallium-GSH abduct or oxidize glutathione [GSSG] formation. This study was performed in-vitro as a model of in vivo

Interaction of palladium inorganic salt and organic complex with glutathione content of liver homogenate

Glutathione is an essential antioxidant of living organism that provides a primary protection against metals toxicity. A significant amount of glutathione is present in blood erythrocytes, plasma and liver hepatocytes to protect them from oxidative damage from both external and internal oxidants. Metalo-element palladium has numerous pharmacological, clinical and toxicological compensations, like palladium is used as anti-viral, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective and anti-tumor agent. However studies have also indicated some mild to serious toxic effects of palladium metallo-elements. In the presence study the interaction of palladium inorganic salt and organic complex with glutathione [GSH] content of liver homogenate was examined spectro-photometrically. 20% [w/v] liver homogenate was prepared of the collected liver of rabbit in 5% TCA [tri-chloro-acetic acid] solution and 1mm EDTA, using a potter-eveljhem homogenizer with motor driven Teflon pestle. The GSH content quantification was carried out by Elman's method. Our finding showed that there was a depletion of GSH content by both palladium inorganic salts and organic complexes, concentrations wise as well as with time elapse as level of GSH content decrease from [43.6% to 72.62%] with Palladium Nitrate and from [24.09 to 59.5%] with Bis-benzonitrile Palladium II Chloride as compared to control, and further dropped with time incubation from 0-90 minutes from [49.7 to 87.1%], with Palladium Nitrate and from [29.3% to 67.6%] respectively. The result showed that the effect of both inorganic salt of palladium was more enhanced as compare to its organic complex. It was suggested from our finding that the depletion in the glutathione content of liver homogenate may be due to oxidation of glutathione or due to glutathione metal abduct formation by both inorganic salt and organic complex of palladium. This study in situ is a model of in vivo

Synthesis, characterization and antihypertensive activity of 2-phenyl substituted benzimidazoles

Hypertension is one of cardiovascular disease that is not sufficiently prevented and controlled at both hospital and community levels. Hypertension resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. The benz-imidazole ring is very important pharmacophore in modern drug discovery. The substituted benzimidazoles are the important for medicinal research. Researchers have reported that substituted Benzimidazoles are the structural isosteres of nucleotides, and easily allow them to interact with the different biopolymers, possess pharmacological activity especially antihypertensive activity. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers [ARBs] compete with angiotensin II at the receptor site and block the contractile effect of angiotensin II in all vascular smooth muscles. Among all Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers [ARBs], Telmisartan, Milfasartan and many others have benzimidazole ring in their structure. In this study Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers [ARBs] have been prepared. Synthesized compounds were characterized by physical data and FTIR spectroscopic technique. Synthesized compounds studied were finally screened for their antihypertensive activity by tail cuff method of measurement of blood pressure by NIBP apparatus [None Invasive Blood Pressure] using Chart 5.0 software. The compounds synthesized were 2-[3-nitrophenyl]-1Hbenzimidazole [1a], 3-[1H benzimidazol-2-yl]aniline [1b] and 5-[1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol [1c]. The synthesized compounds have shown antihypertensive activity by taking Losartan as lead compound

role of Glutathione, Cysteine and D-Penicillamine in exchanging Palladium and Vanadium metals from albumin metal complex

Thiol groups are extensively present across biological systems being found in range of small molecules [e.g. Glutathione, Homo-cysteine] and proteins [e.g. albumin, haemo-globin]. Albumin is considered to be a major thiol containing protein present in circulating Plasma. Albumin contains a single thiolate group located at cysteine-34[cys-34] at its active site. Albumin also binds a wide variety of metals and metals complexes at various sites around the protein. Usually heavy metals are preferentially attached with the thiol group of albumin. The binding of heavy metals at cys-34 provides a mechanism by which the residence time of potentially toxic species in the body can be increased. In this research we have assessed the oxidative modification of and metal binding capacity of cys-34 with heavy metals Palladium and Vanadium to investigate the ease with which it is possible to effect disulfide-thiol exchange at this sites/or remove a metal bound at this position. Both the metals were treated with albumin and then the albumin metals [Pd and V] complexes were treated with small thoil molecules like Glutathione, Cysteine and D-Penicillamine. Our finding showed that the albumin thiol group retained the metals with itself by forming some strong bonding with the Thiols group, it is concluded from this finding that if by chance both the metals enter the living system; strongly disturb the chemistry and physiological function of this bio-molecule

Acute small bowel obstruction due to bilharziasis

Schistosomiasis remains a major world health problem. The disease presents with protean manifestations in the endemic areas. Small bowel schistosomiasis leading to acute intestinal obstruction is an extremely rare clinical presentation. The disease may mimic peritoneal tuberculosis or carcinomatosis intra-operatively. Small bowel bilharziasis leading to obstruction has not been reported in the recent indexed English literature. This report describes a 50-year-old Yemeni male presenting with acute small bowel obstruction due to schistosomiasis. We review the pathological changes in the intestine following schistosomal infection and discuss diagnosis and treatment. We emphasize the importance of histopathology on all surgical specimens