Assessing the prevalence of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure for various thyroid disorders, but it often leads to complications such as hypocalcemia. Understanding the prevalence and predictors of hypocalcemia post-total thyroidectomy is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital with 100 patients undergoing thyroid surgery, including total thyroidectomy, completion thyroidectomy, and thyroidectomy with neck dissection. We analyzed the incidence of transient and permanent hypocalcemia, examining correlations with surgery type, demographic variables, and postoperative day of onset. Data were collected through patient records and postoperative follow-ups. Results: The study revealed that 30% of patients experienced hypocalcemia postoperatively. Hypocalcemia was most prevalent among patients undergoing thyroidectomy with neck dissection (58.33%), compared to those undergoing total thyroidectomy (18.18%) and completion thyroidectomy (40.00%). The majority of hypocalcemia cases (66.67%) occurred on the second postoperative day. Most hypocalcemia instances were transient (86.67%), with a smaller fraction being permanent (13.33%). Conclusions: Hypocalcemia remains a significant complication following thyroid surgery, particularly in surgeries involving neck dissection. Early identification and management of at-risk patients could mitigate the severity of this complication. Our findings underscore the importance of vigilant monitoring and tailored postoperative care to minimize the impact of hypocalcemia on patient recovery and quality of life.

Hepatitis B virus total core antibody status in unvaccinated general population in a community of Bangladesh

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a significant health challenge in Bangladesh, with the hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) being a crucial marker due to its lifelong presence in the bloodstream. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anti-HBc (total) positivity among unvaccinated adults in Northeastern Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Sobhanighat area of Sylhet, Bangladesh, in collaboration with the department of gastroenterology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, from November 2022 to August 2023. A total of 216 participants were selected using consecutive sampling. HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc (total) were tested for all subjects, and data were collected using a pre-formed questionnaire and analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 24. Results: Among the participants, 16 (7.4%) tested positive for anti-HBc (total), while HBsAg was positive in 6 (2.77%) individuals. Anti-HBs was detectable in 23 (10.6%) participants, with 3 (1.38%) showing isolated anti-HBc positivity. Notably, 20% of HBsAg-positive cases exhibited heterotypic anti-HBs. Moreover, 56.25% of respondents with anti-HBc (total) positivity had detectable anti-HBs (p<0.001). Gender did not show significant associations with HBsAg, anti-HBc (total), anti-HBs, or isolated anti-HBc (p>0.05). Conclusions: The study underscores a notable prevalence of anti-HBc (total) positivity among unvaccinated individuals in Bangladesh, indicative of past HBV exposure. It underscores the necessity for enhanced vaccination coverage and robust infection control measures to mitigate HBV transmission in this demographic.

Clinico-pathological profile of breast cancer patients in a radiation therapy centre

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinico-pathological characteristics of patients with breast cancer at the Radiation Center of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), a tertiary?care cancer center in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted from March 2021 to February 2022 where patients receiving radiotherapy for breast cancer were included. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews with patients and from their investigation reports. Data regarding age, presenting symptoms, histological type, tumor size, involvement of regional nodes, hormonal receptor status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification were recorded and then analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 52.53 years. Most of the patients (93%) were multiparous and 62.24% were postmenopausal. The most common symptom was breast lump (91.6%). Infiltrating ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma were seen in 136 (95.1%) and 7 (4.9%) cases respectively. The TNM stage distribution was stage I, 6 (4.2%); stage II, 52 (36.36%); stage III, 76 (53.15%); and stage IV, 9 (6.29%). Locally advanced breast cancer constituted 42.66% of the cases. Among the patients 90 (62.94%) patients were ER/PR positive and 42 (29.37%) patients were HER2 positive. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) constituted 25.17% (36) of the study population. All receptors were positive in 25 patients (17.48%). Conclusions: Majority of our patients receiving breast radiotherapy at our center are middle aged and have advanced disease. TNBC and HER2 positive breast cancer are more common in our population.

Challenges of online and face-to-face learning and its relationship with learner’s motivation among undergraduate students during the post-COVID era

Background: Online and face-to-face learning challenges influence students’ motivation. However, limited studies have yet been conducted to correlate students’ motivation with online and face-to-face learning challenges, especially in Malaysia. This study examined the challenges faced by learners during face-to-face and online learning and its relationship with learners’ motivation. Methods: This cross-sectional- correlation study was conducted among year-3 to year-5 undergraduate students at the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak irrespective of gender and nationality. A total of 475 students’ data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Collected data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 27.0. Pearson’s moment correlation was used to examine the association between students’ motivation and online and face-to-face learning. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Technological challenge was weakly positively correlated with age (p<0.05), gender (p<0.05) and amotivation (p<0.01). However, no statistically significant correlation was found with extrinsic, intrinsic motivation and CGPA (p>0.05). Among the domains of challenges, the technological challenges were strongly positively correlated with the individual (p<0.001), domestic (p<0.001), institutional (p<0.001) and community (p<0.001) challenges. This study found that extrinsic motivation was positively correlated with intrinsic motivation, but both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation were negatively correlated with amotivation. All domains of challenges were positively correlated with amotivation of students. Conclusions: Universities could organise strategies to improve the current teaching and learning methods to boost students’ extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

Urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder with histologic grading: a study in a tertiary care hospital, Bangladesh

Background: Urinary bladder cancer is one of the most common forms of all cancers in the world. It is the ninth leading cause of death from cancer among men. The incidence of urinary bladder cancer in Bangladesh is increasing day by day. The aim of the study was to evaluate different clinic-pathological parameters of urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder with the grade of the tumor. Methods: This study was a cross sectional study done over a period of two years, from March 2018 to February 2020 at the department of pathology, Dhaka medical college, Dhaka. Total 73 samples were collected, fixed overnight in 10% buffered formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Pathological grading was confirmed and different clinic-pathological parameters were evaluated. Results: Most of the cases (22 cases, 30.1%) were found in the fifth decade (51-60). Mean age of the patients was found to be 60.85 (±12.72) years, 58 (79.5%) cases were male and 15 (20.5%) cases were female with male to female ratio of 3.9:1. Most of the cases (49 cases, 67.1%) were smokers. Most common clinical presentation was hematuria (91.8% cases), most frequent tumor location was the lateral wall of the urinary bladder and 75.3% cases were reported as high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Conclusions: Different clinic-pathological parameters with histologic grading were evaluated in this study which may have a significant impact in epidemiology, diagnosis and assessment of biological behavior of urothelial carcinoma.

Perceived professionalism and its relationship with communication skills, social interaction and attitude towards medical subjects among undergraduate medical students in Malaysia

Background: Professionalism is an essential core competency in medical education in line with societal expectations. It is expected that the medical professionals show a specified set of behaviours and attitudes towards patients and society. This study assessed professionalism and its relationship with undergraduate medical students’ communication competency skills, learning attitude, and social interaction. Methods: This was a cross-sectional-correlation study conducted among undergraduate medical students irrespective of gender and nationality. A total of 319 students’ data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 27.0. Pearson’s moment correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were done to identify the potential predictors of perceived medical professionalism. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study showed that professional relationship was significantly correlated with a positive attitude on communication skill (p<0.001), environmental control (p<0.001), interaction management (p<0.01), immediacy (p<0.01), attitude towards the medical subject (p<0.001). However, no statistically significant correlation was found between perceived empathy and age, gender, year of study, parental education and previous CGPA (p>0.05). Conclusions: The study found an interrelationship between professionalism, communication skills, interpersonal communication, and attitude towards medical subjects. However, the multivariate analysis revealed different weightage of influence to professionalism. Further advanced analysis is warranted to get the impact of each of the contributing variables to academic achievement.

Risk Factors Analysis of Gastro- Intestinal Infections among the Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background: Viral hepatitis is one of the major public healthconcerns around the world. Every year millions of people diefrom viral hepatitis-related cirrhosis and liver cancer. Howeverthe fact is the majority of the infected populations are unawareof their condition.Objective: The objective of the study was to find out theproportion of the risk factors associated with gastrointestinalinfections among the inpatients attending in tertiary carehospital in Dhaka city.Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried outamong the hospital admitted patients at gastroenterologydepartment from January to April, 2019.A total of 193patientswere purposively selected who were above 18 years anddiagnosed case of hepatitis, diarrhoeal diseases, enteric fever,H. pylori infection.Results: The outcome of the study was that, majority82(42.5%) of the patients age was between 21-40 years.Maximum participants were male (65.3%). Study found thatamong 193 patients, 45 (23.3%) were diagnosed as hepatitisB, 31 (16.1%) were H. pylori infection, 29 (15.0%) diarrhoea,hepatitis C 19 (9.8%), hepatitis E 23 (11.9%) and hepatitis A 21(10.9%). It also found that mean duration of Gastro-Intestinal(GI) infection was 2.59 (± 3.22) years. Water borne diseaseslike hepatitis A, E, diarrhoea, typhoid and H. pylori infectionmostly presents due to 44 (34.4%) patients drunk water fromsupply water (Dhaka WASA), 73.4% eaten street juice and79.7% had eaten street food before diagnosed diseases.Commonest risk factors were hepatitis B and C. 37 (56.9%)patients had received blood previously, 11 (17.2%) had theirprevious history of operation, 42 (64.6%) had visited dentist fordental issues, 29 (44.6%) patients attended endoscopy orcolonoscopy test, 28 (43.1%) patients informed that they hadfaced minor skin injury when shaving in salon and 6 (9.2%)patients mentioned taken dialysis. According to the findings,20.3% patients having liver diseases, 5.7% heart diseases,4.1% respiratory diseases, 7.3% renal diseases, 26.4%diabetic, 22.8% hypertensive, 15.0% anemia and 26.9%smoker Street juice [OR: 95% CI, 4.9%] and Street food [OR:95% CI, 6.1%] risk of hepatitis A infection. The proportion ofrisk factors of hepatitis B infection revealed that the patientswho received blood previously [OR: 95% CI, 3.14%] has therisk of hepatitis, second hand razor use [OR: 95% CI, 7.76%],Dialysis [OR: 95% CI, 2.47%].Conclusion: Street foods & juice, unpurified water was thecommonest factors of hepatitis A &E, typhoid and diarrhea. Onthe other side, unscreened blood, dental procedure, skin injuryin saloon, dialysis and endoscopy/colonoscopy test were thecommonest risk of hepatitis B& C virus. H. pylori infection

Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Congestive Heart Failure Due to Systematic Hypertension

This was a prospective observational study was carried out in Shaheed Shaikh Abu-Naser Specialized Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh during the period from January 2017 to December 2018. Our aim was to evaluate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in congestive heart failure resulting from systemic hypertension. Methods: Fifty patients with systemic hypertension who had recently experienced CHF with normal ejection fraction (≥50%) and no clinical history of ischaemic cardiomyopathy were studied. The patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of echocardiographic hypertrophy: group-I (26 patients) with a ventricular mass/volume ratio >1.8 and group-II (24 patients) with a ratio <1.8. Results: Group I patients had a higher ejection fraction (67.62±3.14 vs 55.33 ±4.13, P<0.001), smaller ventricular diameter (28.88+2.46 vs 34.38±4.37, P<0.001), higher LV mass (154.42±6.80 vs 123.38±5.58, P<0.001), lower ETT positivity (15%vs75%, P<0.001). Clinically, group I had more frequent audible fourth heart sound (57% vs 20%, P< 0.001), low incidence of audible third heart sound (15% vs 70%, P<0.001), ECG evident LVH mass (96% vs 16%, P<0.001), cardiomegaly (23% vs 70%, P<0.001). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between groups for NYHA class, age, sex, heart rates and systolic blood pressure but significantly associated with Diastolic BP, ECG (LVH) and Cardiomegly.

Effect of organic amendment on stem canker and black scurf disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) / Efeito da alteração orgânica sobre o cancro da haste e doença dos tuberculos pretos da batata (Solanum tuberosum)

An experiment was conducted at Tuber Crops Research Centre, BARI, Bogra during 2008-2009 to evaluate the organic amendment for controlling the stem canker and black scurf of potato. The different kinds of organic amendments were: T1 =Poultry refuse (PR) at 4 t ha-1, T2 =PR at 5 t ha-1, T3 =PR at 6 t ha-1, T4 =Mustard oil cake (MOC) at 300kg ha-1, T5 =MOC at 500kg ha-1, T6 =Neem oil cake (NOC) at 300kg ha-1, T7 =NOC at 500kg ha-1, T8 =Sawdust burning and T9 = Control. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The organic amendment significantly influenced the disease incidence, yield attributes and yield of potato. The lowest disease incidence (17.5%) and per cent disease index (9.99) were found in T3 (poultry waste at 6 t ha-1). The minimum russet, deformed and Sclerotia infected tubers were also recorded in poultry waste at 6 t ha-1. The highest healthy tubers and tuber yield were found in the same treatment. Therefore, poultry manure 6 t ha-1 along with recommended dose of chemical fertilizer can be recommended to produce healthy tubers and maximum tuber yield of potato.

O experimento foi conduzido no (Centro de Pesquisa em Tubérculos ) Tuber Crops Research Centre, Bari, Bogra durante 2008-2009 para avaliar a alteração orgânica e controlar o cancro da haste e Black Scurf da batata. Os diferentes tipos de alterações orgânicas foram: T1 = Poultry recusar (PR) a 4 t ha-1, T2 = PR a 5 t ha-1, T3 = PR em 6 t ha-1, T4 = bolo de óleo de mostarda (MOC) em 300 kg ha-1, T5 = MOC em 500 kg ha-1, T6 = bolo de óleo de Neem (NOC) em 300 kg ha-1, T7 = NOC em 500 kg ha-1, T8 = queima de serragem e T9 = Controle. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados (RCBD) com quatro repetições. A alteração orgânica influenciou significativamente a incidência da doença, os atributos de rendimento e produtividade da batata. A menor incidência da doença (17,5%) por cento do índice de doença (9,99) foram encontrados em T3 (resíduos de aves a 6 t ha-1). O russet mínimo, deformado e Sclerotia tubérculos infectados também foram registrados em resíduos de aves a 6 t ha-1. O rendimento mais elevado tubérculos saudáveis e tubérculos foram encontrados no mesmo tratamento. Portanto, aviário 6 t ha-1, juntamente com a dose recomendada de fertilizante químico pode ser recomendado para a produção de tubérculos saudáveis e rendimento máximo dos tubérculos de batata.

Teachers Perception on Tobacco Free School in Bangladesh.

Introduction: Comprehensive tobacco-free school policy benefits everyone by reducing exposure to second-hand smoking and creating a system that reinforces tobacco-free norm and attitudes, which in turn affect tobacco use having an impact on the health of the community. Objective: This study aims to assess the perception of teachers on tobacco free school environments and factors supporting it. Methods: A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used for the selection of schools with selection probability proportional to enrolment size followed by stratified random sampling of government and private schools. Data were collected from 559 secondary school teachers using a structured questionnaire. Results: Estimation indicated that 48.3% (95% CI: 44.5%, 52.6%) of the teachers were less supportive and 51.7% (95% CI: 47.4%, 55.5%) were more supportive for smoking free school. Logistic regression analysis revealed that non tobacco user teachers were more likely to be supportive (OR=1. 891, 95% CI: 1.197, 2.986) for tobacco free school. However, no statistically significant association was found between perceived supportive tobacco free school and age, sex, level of education, type of school and family size (p>0.05). Exposure to second hand smoking and curriculum content of tobacco issues were not significantly related with tobacco free school. Conclusion: Comprehensive school based programme with participation of school personnel and community can effectively implement tobacco free school programmes.

Status of Female Adolescents Living at Rajshahi Slum in Bangladesh.

Objective: To avoid the social consequences of unplanned pregnancy, transmission of STIs and HIV/AIDS, adolescents need to be awaked of their reproductive health. That is why; the study is aimed to know the present status of adolescents in terms of socio-demographic and menstrual management status living in slum areas of Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC), Bangladesh. Materials and methods: The data for this study were collected purposively in 2012 from 200 girls aged 10-19 who were slum living at RCC using a pre-designed questionnaire. The purpose and importance of this study were explained to the respondents before participating in this study. Results and discussion: The result showed that 64% of the respondents were in the group of 18-19 years. Around 9.5% of the adolescents had never gone to school. The maintenance of hygiene during menstruation is a vital aspect of adolescent reproductive health. But the result showed that about 94% of the respondents answered that they do not know the underlying reasons for what menstruation occurred. Only 5% of the respondents maintained some form of hygiene measurements (pad or clean cloth) during the onset of their menstruation. The result also indicated that 24.5% of the respondents felt physical illnesses during their menstruation. Conclusion: The authority should commit to ensuring that the needs, challenges, aspirations, vulnerabilities and rights of adolescents, especially for girls, are fully considered in this new development agenda. Keeping this in mind, adolescent friendly health services should be ensured by arranging special hours or special days for them, orienting and providing training to healthcare providers on how to counsel adolescents.

Mycoplasma infection in Malaysian children: laboratory investigation and antimicrobial therapy.

Background: Mycoplasma pneumonia (M. pneumoniae) is an important causative agent of childhood infection with variable clinical presentations. The objective of the study was to evaluate the laboratory investigation and antimicrobial therapy of M. pneumoniae infection in children admitted to paediatric ward. Materials & Methods: A total of 111 children, of which 59 (53.2%) boys and 52 (46.8%) girls, with median age of 2 years (inter quartile range 1-6 years) with suspected M. pneumoniae infection were tested for IgM by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The children were classified as seropositive and seronegative. Results: Of the 111 children, 45 (40.5%) had serological evidence of M. pneumoniae infection and the remaining 66 (59.5%) were seronegative. There was significant association (p < 0.001) between age and serology response. Seropositive children were more likely to be older (median age 5.0 [interquartile range 2- 7] years, p < 0.001). Children with M. pneumoniae infection were less likely to have cough (p = 0.023) in which 55 (65.5%) patients having cough were seronegative. There was no significant association between laboratory findings of full blood count and serology. Conclusion: In addition to clinical and laboratory features, other factors like age group and absence of cough might be helpful in predicting M. pneumoniae infection.

Dual use of tobacco among Bangladeshi men.

INTRODUCTION: Dual use of tobacco (using smoking and smokeless forms) in Bangladesh is uncommon in women but common in men. Dual users are at additional risk of cancers and heart diseases compared with a single form of tobacco use. Knowledge about their socioeconomic background is necessary for planning appropriate interventions. We report here socioeconomic background of the dual users of tobacco from a nationally representative survey. METHODS: The study adopted a probability proportionate to size sampling technic of divisional population stratified into urban and rural areas to recruit men aged 25 years or older from their households. A total of 4312 men were recruited. Variables included questions on 20 household assets, tobacco use and other behavioral risk factors, and measurement of body weight and height. RESULTS: The average age of dual users was 46.7 years old compared to 43.4 and 52.3 years for smokers and smokeless tobacco users. Prevalence of “smoking only,” “smokeless only” and “dual use” of tobacco was 40.6%, 15.2%, and 14.2%, respectively. Among all tobacco users, dual users constituted 20%. These dual users had lower educational achievement, rural residence, lower intake of fruit, and higher intake of alcohol. They were more undernourished as indicated by a thin body mass index compared to nonusers and smokers. Dual users were of socioeconomically deprived as measured by wealth quartiles constructed out of household assets. CONCLUSION: Dual use of tobacco is common in Bangladesh, and it is intimately linked with socioeconomic deprivation. Poverty reduction strategy and campaigns should address tobacco control not only tobacco in general, but its dual use in particular.

Determination of alpha-amylase activity of Streptomyces spp isolated from Bangladeshi soils.

Streptomyces, the largest genus of actinobacteria, is a group of bacteria which is most commonly isolated from soil. In this study, total 24 indigenous Streptomyces spp. were isolated from soil samples collected from different parts of Bangladesh Of them, two species designated as S-31 and S-109 were studied to determine their alpha-amylase activity. The α-amylase activity of S-31 and S-109 was 2.26 unit/ml and 2.67 unit/ml .Based on this study, it can be concluded that both species of Streptomyces were good candidate for amylase production.

Laparoscopic Versus Open Appendicectomy: A Comparison of Primary Outcome.

Currently, laparoscopic appendectomy is widely practiced for the management of acute appendicitis. It is not clear whether open or laparoscopic appendectomy is more appropriate. Our aim was to compare the safety and the advantages of laparoscopic versus open appendectomy in a prospective study. 102 patients were participated in this study. The group 1 patients were subjected to laparoscopic appendectomy [LA], whereas the group 2 patients were subjected to open appendectomy [OA]. 46 patients included in LA group and 54 patients in OA group. The mean operative time for LA and OA was 84.4 (45-220) minutes and 59 (30-180) minutes respectively. Although LA was associated with a shorter hospital stay [LA-3.5 days versus OA-5 days] but duration of operation is prolong in LA than OA and the postoperative wound infection is significantly higher in OA than LA. LA is safe and superior to OA in respect to an early discharge, lesser postoperative pain; decreased post operative wound infection, early return to work and a better cosmetic scar.

Scedosporium apiospermum fungaemia: the ramification of broad spectrum antimicrobial treatments.

Scedosporium apiospermum is a cosmopolitan mycotic agent with unique characteristics. This is a case of a 65-year-old immunocompetent patient who presented with shortness of breath and fever. Consolidation was observed in both lung fields on chest X-ray. A diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia was made. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was identified from his tracheal aspirate and imipenem was administered. Initial blood cultures were negative but after 10 days on imipenem, Candida glabrata was isolated. Amphotericin B was added to the treatment regimen, but after a week on this antifungal, Scedosporium apiospermum was cultured from the blood. The patient succumbed to illness before a change in the antifungal regimen. The case highlights the unwelcome consequence of using a broad spectrum antibiotic and later a broad spectrum antifungal agent.

Articulation of speech of patients treated with radicular attachment assisted obturator following maxillectomy.

Background: Obturators are used to separate the oro-nasal opening. These improve speech and other oral functions as well as provide psychological support to the patients. Adding radicular attachments in an obturator makes more effective. Objective: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of obturator with radicular attachment and conventional obturator in articulation of speech. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients, age ranged from 18 to 72 years, with maxillectomy defect were selected as the sample of the study. Among them 25 patients were treated with obturator with radicular attachment and another 25 patients were treated with conventional obturator. After insertion of obturator, data were collected on the basis of articulation of speech. Results: Patients treated with obturator with radicular attachment showed significantly better (P value <0.001) articulation of speech. Conclusion: Obturator with radicular attachment is more effective than conventional obturator.

Knowledge, Awareness and Perception about HIV/AIDS among Primary School Teachers in Bangladesh.

Objective: Information is very important to have accurate understanding of people about the modes of HIV/AIDS transmission and its prevention strategies. Teachers at all levels are always expected to play a foremost role in the provision of information to promote awareness leading to behavioral change among students. Therefore, this article is aimed to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and perception about the deadly disease HIV/AIDS among primary school teachers in Bangladesh. Materials and methods: To do so, about 120 teachers from 28 primary schools, out of 68, in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) areas were interviewed purposively for this study using a self-administered questionnaire. Results and discussion: The results showed that the teachers serving at primary schools level were not too sure of their own knowledge about the issue. They had much misperception about the knowledge of facts, modes of transmission to reduce contamination and the modes of transmission from one person to another of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Government should provide adequate funding to organize and sponsor teachers to attend in training workshops, seminars and conferences related to HIV/AIDS and that the pandemic should be discussed with other for the purpose of awareness.

Management of Inferior Vena Cava Injury in a Non Specialized Tertiary Hospital-a Case Report.

Abdominal vascular injury are among the most challenging and lethal injuries in the traumatized patients. Inferior vena cava (IVC) is the most frequently injured vein during the blunt or penetrating trauma. Ligation of IVC, venorrhaphy, venoplasty, end to end anastomosis, endovascular stenting or graft interposition should be considered in selected cases. However most of the procedures require special setting and surgical team. Relatively simple procedure e.g. venorrhaphy produces narrowing of lumen in many cases. Ligation of IVC may result in thrombosis and embolism thus increases morbidity of patients. Here, in the present case the authors report a patient with IVC injury repaired by venoplasty (cavaplasty) with great saphenous vein patch in a non specialized tertiary hospital and it can be performed by a team led by general surgeon.

Off Pump CABG along with Resection of Giant Thymoma : A Case Report.

Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease and the single most important cause of premature death world-wide. Thymomas are anterior mediastinal neoplasms, characterized by epithelial cells and lymphocytes. Although they are often encapsulated and well differentiated tumors, they can show local invasion, pleural invasion or extrathoracic metastasis. In this article, we report the case of a rare patient who underwent thymectomy along with off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery.