Consenso Colombiano para la prevención, diagnóstico y manejo de condiciones trombóticas en pacientes adultos con COVID-19: aplicando el Marco de la Evidencia a la Decisión (EtD) GRADE / Colombian consensus for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic conditions in adult patients with COVID-19: applying GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) Frameworks

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Abstract Recent studies have reported the occurrence of thrombotic phenomena or coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19. There are divergent positions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these phenomena, and current clinical practice is based solely on deductions by extension from retrospective studies, case series, observational studies, and international guidelines developed prior to the pandemic. In this context, the aim was to generate a group of recommendations on the prevention, diagnosis and management of thrombotic complications associated with COVID-19. Methods: A rapid guidance was carried out applying the GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks and an iterative participation system, with statistical and qualitative analysis. Results: 31 clinical recommendations were generated focused on: a) Coagulation tests in symptomatic adults with suspected infection or confirmed SARS CoV-2 infection; b) Thromboprophylaxis in adults diagnosed with COVID-19 (Risk scales, thromboprophylaxis for outpatient, in-hospital management, and duration of thromboprophylaxis after discharge from hospitalization), c) Diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic complications, and d) Management of people with previous indication of anticoagulant agents. Conclusions: Recommendations of this consensus guide clinical decision-making regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombotic phenomena in patients with COVID-19, and represent an agreement that will help decrease the dispersion in clinical practices according to the challenge imposed by the pandemic.

Análisis descriptivo de la vigilancia epidemiológica intramural de la intoxicación por monóxido de carbono (CO) en el Distrito Capital (2011) / Descriptive Analysis of the Epidemiological Surveillance Intramural Poisoning from Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the Capital District 2011 / Análise descritiva da vigilância epidemiológica intramural de envenenamento por monóxido de carbono (CO) no capital de distrito 2011

El monóxido de carbono (CO) es un gas tóxico, inodoro e incoloro que se produce por la combustión incompleta de los hidrocarburos. Las principales fuentes de este veneno son los vehículos motorizados, los calentadores, los aparatos que utilizan el carbono como combustible y el fuego dentro de los hogares. Los síntomas que vienen a definir la intoxicación por CO son: cefaleas, vértigo, disnea, confusión, midriasis, convulsiones y coma. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de la intoxicación aguda por CO intramural durante 2011 en Bogotá, D. C., a través de los casos reportados por los diferentes sistemas de información en salud y ambientales. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo; se tuvo en cuenta la información de base de datos del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (Sivigila) en 2011. La información fue tabulada con Microsoft Excel. Los análisis fueron realizados en STATA 9 y Epidat 3.1. Resultados: Para 2011 se presentaron 19 brotes de intoxicación por CO en el distrito, que afectaron, en total, a 60 personas. Durante el mismo año ocurrieron 4 muertes a causa de esta clase de envenenamiento. El promedio de edad de intoxicación estuvo en los 27 años; la menor de sus víctimas tenía un año, y las mayores, 80 años. En cuanto al sitio de ocurrencia, la localidad que reportó más casos fue Suba, seguida de Usaquén y Usme. Discusión: Hay subregistro frente a la ocurrencia de los casos de intoxicación por CO que no son atendidos en los servicios de salud y de los que producen la muerte inmediata y son llevados directamente a Medicina Legal, además de las fallas que se siguen identificando; también, fallas de clasificación del evento frente a la ocurrencia de intoxicaciones por CO y de calidad en algunos registros del Sivigila.

Introduction: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic, odorless, colorless gas, produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. The main sources for this toxic gas are motorized vehicles, heaters, machinery that uses coal as fuel, and fire in closed spaces like houses. Symptoms for this type of intoxication include headaches, vertigo, dyspnea, confusion, mydriasis, seizures, and coma. Objective: The main objective is to describe the behavior of acute intoxication caused by carbon monoxide in closed spaces in Bogota during 2011, through reported cases by different healthcare and environmental systems. Methods: Descriptive study with information obtained from SIVIGILA 2011 database. Data was tabulated with Microsoft Excel, and analysis was done with STATA 9 and Epidat 3.1. Results: In 2011, 60 individuals were affected by 19 different outbreaks. During this year, 4 intoxications caused by carbon monoxide resulted fatal. The average age for intoxication was 27. The youngest reported patient was 1 year old, while the oldest was 80 years old. Suba was the district with higher reported cases, followed by Usaquen and Usme. Discussion: Under-reporting for cases involving intoxication by carbon monoxide occurs, as some are not reported by any healthcare system. The same happens for lethal intoxication cases taken directly to Legal Medicine that are not reported. Other problems arise, like failure to classify events as carbon monoxide intoxication, and lack of quality in some SIVIGILA reports.

O monóxido de carbono (CO) é um gás tóxico, incolor, inodoro e é produzido pela combustão incompleta de hidrocarbonetos. As principais fontes deste veneno são os automóveis, aquecedores, aparelhos que usam carvão como combustível, e o fogo utilizado dentro das casas. Os sintomas que definem esta intoxicação são dor de cabeça, tontura, dispnéia, confusão, midríase, convulsões e coma. Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento da intoxicação aguda do monóxido de carbono intramural de 2011, em Bogotá através dos casos apresentados nos sistemas de saúde e ambiental. Métodos: Estudo descritivo que levou em conta as informações da base dados de SIVIGILA de 2011, os dados foram tabulados com o Microsoft Excel. As análises foram realizadas no STATA 9 e Epidat 3.1. Resultados: Para o ano de 2011, apresentaram 19 casos no distrito, afetando 60 pessoas. Durante este ano ocorreu quatro mortalidades devido a intoxicação por monóxido de carbono. A média de idade dos intoxicados foi de 27 anos, o caso mais jovem foi de 1 ano e mais velho foi de 80 anos. Com relação ao local de ocorrência, a cidade que registrou mais casos foi Suba, seguida por Usaquén e Usme. Discussão: Há uma subnotificação de ocorrência de casos de intoxicação por monóxido de carbono que não são atendidos nos serviços de saúde e aqueles que causam a morte imediata e são levados diretamente à Medicina Legal, além das falhas que continuam sendo identificadas; falhas na classificação de eventos e a ocorrência de intoxicação por monóxido de carbono e qualidade em alguns registros SIVIGILA.

Callus induction and plant regeneration of Ulex europaeus

A callus induction and plant regeneration protocol was developed from leaf and thorn explants for the plant Ulex europaeus. Explants were incubated on 2 percent sucrose half-strength Murashige and Skoog Medium (MS) with various combinations of plant growth regulators and antioxidants. The best frequency of callus and shoot formation was obtained with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 1 mg/l x kinetin (Kin) 0.2 mg/l (DK Medium; callus induction) and zeatin (Z) 1 mg/l (DK medium; shoot induction). Both media were supplemented with ascorbic acid 200 mg/l to prevent browning and death of the explants. The regenerated shoots transferred to rooting medium (half-strength MS Medium, 2 percent sucrose) showed rapid growth and development of roots (100 percent). Rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to soil in pots containing a 3:1 mixture of soil and vermiculite.

Protective effect of an antimicrobial peptide from Mytilus edulis chilensis expressed in Nicotiana tabacum L

A "defensin-like" antibacterial peptide from Mytilus edulis chilensis, was sub-cloned into a binary vector for expression in plant tissues. The resulting new clone was electroporated into A. tumefaciens to transform tobacco plants. The presence of the construct in transgenic tobacco lines was demonstrated through RT-PCR, Northern and Western blots. Transformed positive plants were selected and grown for challenging. Tobacco leaves were infiltrated with Pseudomonassyringae pv. syringae and visual lesions determined at different times post-exposure. Of seven plants exposed, four gave variable protection up to seven days post-infection while one of them appears to be fully protected. These results suggest that defensin-like antimicrobial peptides from molluscs are a good source to provide resistance of tobacco plants to Pseudomonassyringae pv. syringae.