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Millets are one of the oldest foods known to humans, possibly the first cereal grain used for dietary. Since ancient times, millet has been widely consumed in Asia and India. Although millets are highly nutritious, their consumption still needs to be improved in the general and poor population due to less awareness regarding their nutritional values and health benefits. With changing food habits, increasing population, and uncontrolled use of natural resources, providing nutritious food to all is challenging. Natural plant resources are quickly depleting, and we must explore new alternatives. Besides the usual rice and wheat, many underutilized millets are less consumed, with great potential to replace routine cereal crops. Millets are one of the significantly underutilized crops with a nutri-cereal potential. Regular and excess consumption of common cereals contributed to developing and increasing the burden of lifestyle diseases. Millets are highly nutritious, gluten-free, and have rich dietary properties. Millets are rich in carbohydrates, dietary fibres, energy, essential fatty acids, proteins, vitamin B and minerals which help to prevent diseases like diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cancer, cardiovascular diseases. Cereal-based food products are supplemented with millet and have become popular due to nutritional and economic advantages. The millets have fostered immunity and health to continue the fight against malnutrition in children and adolescents. Ultimately, millet consumption furthers nutrition, food security and the welfare of farmers. This review furnishes crucial information about the compounds found in millets, highlighting their nutraceutical properties, health benefits, and other therapeutically significant elements that classify them as nutri-cereals.
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Dental implant placement for functional rehabilitation after oral cancer surgery could be done either before or after radiation therapy (RT). In both of the above scenarios, radiation exposure could affect implant osseointegration and survival. The present review aimed to evaluate the effect of post-implantation RT on osseointegration of dental implants placed in patients treated for oral cancer. A literature search was conducted to identify studies published in English between 2001 and November 2023. Articles reporting about the success of dental implant osseointegration after post-implantation radiotherapy were selected. Data about overall success of osseointegration and with respect to the anatomic site (maxilla, mandible or grafted bone), radiation dose and time-interval between implant placement and radiation exposure were collected and analyzed. Out of 189 articles identified through literature search, 12 studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were systematically reviewed. In 403 patients, 1333 dental implants were placed prior to RT, out of which 1223 successfully osseointegrated (91.75%). The implant osseointegration rates in maxilla, mandible and grafted bone were 92.06% (255/277), 95.14% (313/329) and 80% (60/75), respectively. There was no relationship between radiation dose or time-interval and success of implant osseointegration. Based on the present review, it may be concluded that dental implants placed at least 1.5-3 months prior to RT, would successfully osseointegrate without major complications. The native maxilla and mandible are a favored choice for implant placement before radiotherapy, than grafted bone.
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@#Introduction: Acne is the most common skin disease among adolescents and has significant psychological distress. Our objective is to assess acne severity, functional disability, and its psychological distress among acne patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022 among 163 acne patients attending Dermatology Clinics in the district of Kuantan, Pahang. The severity of acne was graded using the Comprehensive Acne Severity Scale (CASS). The functional disability index was measured using a Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI), while Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaires were used as a screening tool to detect the psychological distress of acne. Data were analysed using a Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and multiple logistic regression. Results: The mean age was 23 years, 60.1% were female, 94.5% were Malay, and 68.1% were unemployed. The severity of acne was more prominent in the mild (30.7%) and moderate (28.2%) categories. A total of 20.2%, 11.7%, and 4.9% of the respondents had anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms, respectively. Regarding the respondents’ functional disability, 40.5% had mild impairment, 38.0% had moderate impairment, and 13.5% had severe impairment. Acne severity was found to be significantly associated with the functional disability index (P<0.05). The functional disability index was also found to be significantly associated with depression (p=0.019) and anxiety symptoms (p=0.042). Conclusion: Clinical management of acne patients should include not only pharmacological treatment but also consideration of the disease’s functional disability status and psychological distress.
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Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological syndrome characterized by involuntary, repetitive, and unusual movements that primarily impact the orofacial region while also extending to other body parts, encompassing chorea, dystonia, tics, buccolingual stereotypy, and akathisia. This condition stems from iatrogenic factors, particularly the chronic administration of medications that obstruct dopamine receptors. Predominantly implicated are antipsychotic drugs, utilized primarily for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder treatment. These drugs modulate dopamine levels, yet prolonged usage can induce alterations in dopamine receptor sensitivity and disruptions in dopaminergic pathways, consequently fostering TD. Dopamine, a pivotal neurotransmitter governing motor control, motivation, reward processing, and emotional regulation, exerts its effects through distinct dopamine receptor types, of which the D2 subtype assumes particular significance in TD development. The persistent blockade of D2 receptors by antipsychotics prompts a compensatory surge in receptor numbers and sensitivity, ultimately contributing to TD's emergence. In essence, TD reflects a complex interplay between medical intervention and neurological intricacies. The protracted influence of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors highlights the delicate equilibrium essential for optimal brain function. The unconventional movements characterizing TD underscore the intricate role of dopamine and its receptors in orchestrating neural equilibrium.
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Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is a B-cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma (B-NHL) that has small lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes and plasma cells in varying proportions. It commonly involves the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and rarely other extra-medullary sites. LPL tends to have a varied morphology and immunophenotype (IPT). Though it is characterized by the presence of monoclonal IgM protein in serum, it can also be seen in other B-NHL. Thus, it may impose a diagnostic challenge by morphology and IPT in some cases. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is another small B cell NHL, which has a more typical morphology and characteristic IPT. IPT is done by flow cytometry (FCM), which is a rapid and efficient tool in the diagnosis of NHL involving blood and marrow. We present a case of LPL which mimicked CLL by morphology and IPT.
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Crop cover mapping is an essential tool for controlling and enhancing agricultural productivity. By determining the spatial distribution of different crop types, solidified judgements regarding crop planning, crop management, and risk management can be made. Crop cover classification using optical data pose constraints in terms of spatial and spectral resolution. With Sentinel – 2 data providing the ground information at 10m resolution, users may choose the best spectral band combinations and temporal frame by analysing the spectral-temporal information of different crops. The crop categorization map for the Kallakurichi and Villupuram districts were created in this study using the Random Forest (RF) and Decision tree (C5.0) classifiers. The study mainly focuses on comparing the classification accuracy of two classifiers and figuring out the best classifiers for crop cover mapping with respect to the study area. The ground truth information collected, were partitioned into calibration and validation datasets and the validation resulted with the Overall Accuracy (OA) and kappa coefficient of 66%; 0.63 and 60%; 0.57 for RF and C5.0 algorithms, respectively. From the results, it could be concluded that the RF classifier performed comparatively better than C5.0, thus making it suitable for crop cover classification.
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Background & objectives: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) jeopardizes the treatment process with poor outcomes. Efflux pumps (EPs) belonging to the ABC transporter family in Mycobacterium tuberculosis confer resistance to rifampicin (RMP) besides genetic mutations thus serving as a target for a potential adjunct therapeutic inhibitory molecule. Rv1218c is one such pump that was previously reported to be active in multidrug-resistant TB clinical isolates. Methods: In this study, the inhibition potential of Rv1218c-EP was tested on 8 molecules that were shortlisted by in silico methods. These molecules were subjected to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination, checkerboard drug combination assay, ethidium bromide-DNA binding assay, and in vitro and ex vivo cytotoxicity assay. Results: Based on the outcome of the study, two molecules dodecanoic acid (DA) and palmitic acid (PA) were found to be potential enough to decrease the MIC of RMP by 8 to 1000 folds against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates and Rv1218c expressing recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis. Interpretation & conclusions: These molecules were also found to reduce the time taken by RMP to kill these drug-resistant Mycobacteria to 48 h, unlike control isolates that survived more than 240 h of RMP exposure. The functional concentration of both molecules was non-toxic to the epithelial and blood mononuclear cells. With further comprehensive scientific validation, PA and DA could be recommended as adjunct therapeutic molecules with first-line anti-TB drugs to treat drug-resistant TB.
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Introduction: To compare the flexural strength of autopolymerizing poly methyl methacrylate resins (PMMA) resin, CAD/CAM milled PMMA and CAD/CAM milled poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) when used as provisional restorative materials for long span situations in full mouth rehabilitation after aging and thermocycling. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples (25 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm) were fabricated using autopolymerizing PMMA resin (GROUP I), CAD/CAM milled PMMA (GROUP II) and PEEK (GROUP III). The groups were subdivided into A and B and subjected to 7 days of aging and 500 cycles of thermocycling (subgroup A) and 14 days of aging and 1000 cycles of thermocycling (subgroup B), respectively, and flexural strength was evaluated using a three?point bend test. The data were analyzed with student t test and pair?wise comparison of mean values was done by ANOVA. Results: The flexural strength of PEEK subjected to 7 days of aging and 500 cycles of thermocycling (III (A) ? 6628.70 MPa) was the highest among all groups followed by PEEK subjected to 14 days of aging and 1000 cycles of thermocycling (III (B) ? 3760.50 MPa). Conclusion: The mean flexural strength of PEEK was statistically significant than the other two materials tested and hence can be recommended for use as a provisional restorative material for long span situations in full mouth rehabilitation. However, the mean flexural strength of PEEK reduced approximately by 44% when subjected to further aging
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Purpose: Optic neuritis, defined as inflammation of the optic nerve, is the most common optic neuropathy affecting adults. Various studies in Southeast Asia have shown that the clinical profile of optic neuritis might differ in these regions from that reported in the western literature. Through this study, we evaluate the clinical profile of pediatric optic neuritis (PON) in the Indian population. Methods: This was a hospital?based prospective observational study. Patients with optic neuritis younger than 16 years who attended the neuro?ophthalmology clinic from May 2016 to April 2017 were included in the study. Results: This study included 54 eyes of 38 patients. The mean age of presentation was 10.6 years. Unilateral disease (58%) was found to be more common, and a slight female preponderance (58%) was noted. The most common feature was visual loss (96.3%). Pupillary light reflex abnormality was seen in most patients. Fundus examination revealed disk edema (77.7%) to be the most common feature. Neuroimaging was performed in 34 patients, and multiple sclerosis was diagnosed in four patients. At 3 months follow?up after treatment, 89% of eyes had best correct visual acuity of 6/9 or better (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In our study, we found the clinical profile of PON to be similar to that seen in western studies as well as those done previously in the Indian population, although with a few differences
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The term Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome is also known as cleidocranial dysplasia or cleidocranial dystosis and is derived from ancient greek words cleido (collar bone), knanion (head) and dysplasia (abnormal formation). It is an uncommon but well known genetic skeletal condition and an autosomal dominant malformation affecting bones and teeth. The most common skeletal and dental abnormalities in affected individuals are hypoplastic/ aplastic clavicles, open frontanelles, short stature, retention of primary teeth, delayed eruption of permanent teeth, supernumerary teeth and multiple impacted teeth. Affected person have a characteristic facial appearance with a bulky forehead, hypertelorism and midfacial hypoplasia. General health is usually good and the intellect is unimpaired. This article describes clinical and radiographic features of Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton syndrome in a 29 years old male patient
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@#Introduction: Anatomical femoral tunnel placement is critical for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Tunnel placement may vary with different surgical techniques. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of femoral tunnel placement between the Anteromedial (AM) and Anterolateral (AL) visualisation portals on post-operative CT scans among a cohort of ACLR patients. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to March 2020 after obtaining ethics clearance. Patients who went for arthroscopic ACLR in our institute were divided into an AM (group 1) and an AL (group 2) based on the visualisation portal for creating the femoral tunnel and a 3D CT scan was done. The femoral tunnel position was calculated in deep to shallow and high to low direction using the Bernard Hertel grid. Femoral tunnel angle was measured in the 2D coronal image. Statistical analysis was done with the data collected. Results: Fifty patients with an average age of 26.36 (18-55) years ±7.216 SD were enrolled in the study. In this study, the AM technique was significantly more accurate (p<0.01) than the AL technique in terms of femoral tunnel angle. Furthermore, the deep to the shallow position was significantly (p= 0.018) closer to normative values, as determined by the chi-square test. The chances of error in tunnel angle in femoral condyle are 2.6 times greater in the AL technique (minimal clinical difference). Conclusion: To conclude, in ACLR the anteromedial visualisation portal can facilitate accurate femoral tunnel placement compared to the anterolateral visualisation portal.
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Background@#Adverse reactions on the skin due to face masks are well documented following the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate Staphylococcus aureus colonization in relation to face mask-associated adverse cutaneous reactions (FMACR)@*Methods@#This was a case-control study involving adult patients attending dermatology clinic, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia. FMACR was determined via a structured interview. Subjects and healthy controls were matched for age and gender. Skin swabs from the alar crease and glabella were obtained and cultured. The possible risk factors for FMACR including type of mask, frequency of change, average duration of use, and skin care practices were also attained. @*Results@#A total of 114 adult participants, which consisted of 57 case and 57 control were recruited. Itching was the most frequent (32; 32.4%) FMACR noted, followed by acne (31; 31.4%) and rashes (22; 22.2%). The presence of facial dermatoses and oily skin type increased the risk of FAMCR (adjusted OR=5.96, 95% CI (1.96,18.12), p=0.002 and adjusted OR=1.94, 95% CI (0.28,13.28), p=0.009) respectively. Cosmetic use was associated with lower risk of FMACR, (adjusted OR=0.16, 95% CI (0.05, 0.56), p=0.004). No significant association was noted between S. aureus skin colonization and FMACR (p=0.409). @*Conclusion@#Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization was not associated with FMACR. Risk factors for FMACR were the presence of facial dermatoses and oily skin type while cosmetic use appears to have a protective effect.
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Background@#Adverse reactions on the skin due to face masks are well documented following the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate Staphylococcus aureus colonization in relation to face mask-associated adverse cutaneous reactions (FMACR).@*Methods@#This was a case-control study involving adult patients attending dermatology clinic, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia. FMACR was determined via a structured interview. Subjects and healthy controls were matched for age and gender. Skin swabs from the alar crease and glabella were obtained and cultured. The possible risk factors for FMACR including type of mask, frequency of change, average duration of use, and skin care practices were also attained. @*Results@#A total of 114 adult participants, which consisted of 57 case and 57 control were recruited. Itching was the most frequent (32; 32.4%) FMACR noted, followed by acne (31; 31.4%) and rashes (22; 22.2%). The presence of facial dermatoses and oily skin type increased the risk of FAMCR (adjusted OR=5.96, 95% CI (1.96,18.12), p=0.002 and adjusted OR=1.94, 95% CI (0.28,13.28), p=0.009) respectively. Cosmetic use was associated with lower risk of FMACR, (adjusted OR=0.16, 95% CI (0.05, 0.56), p=0.004). No significant association was noted between S. aureus skin colonization and FMACR (p=0.409).@*Conclusion@#Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization was not associated with FMACR. Risk factors for FMACR were the presence of facial dermatoses and oily skin type while cosmetic use appears to have a protective effect.
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Introduction:SGLT2i is a new class of drugs used for type 2 diabetes. SGLT2i are known to cause EuKA in the perioperative period. Euglycemic ketoacidosis (EuKA) can cause life?threatening metabolic acidosis in the perioperative setting. Though the event rate of SGLT2i associated diabetic ketoacidosis in nonoperative setting is low, incidence among peri?operative patients can be very high and remains unknown. Aim: The aim of this study was to find the incidence, analyze outcome, and establish correlation between risk factors and EuKA in cardiac surgical patients on SGLT2i. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study analyzing 24 cardiac surgical patients who were on SGLT2i for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data collection included age, sex, BMI, preoperative HbA1C, albumin, creatinine, type of SGLT2i and timing of stopping before surgery, insulin administration in the immediate pre?operative period; use of CPB, GI infusion and inotropes in the intraoperative period; blood ketone, duration of ventilation, hydration status and length of postoperative stay in postoperative period. Patients were diagnosed to have EuKA if any one of the serially measured postoperative ketone values was more than 0.6 mmol/L(ketone positive). The collected data were used to find an association between the risk factors and the occurrence of EuKA. Results: Of the 24 patients, 17 patients developed EuKA. (70.8.%). 10 of the 17 EuKA in our study required preoperative Insulin for diabetic control whereas none in the ketone negative patients required insulin. This was statistically significant (P = 0.019). Association of other factors to EuKA were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Though the event rate of SGLT2i associated Diabetic ketoacidosis in nonoperative setting is low, (17), the occurrence of EUKA in cardiac surgical patients on SGLT2i in our study was 70.8% (17 out of 24 patients). Patients who require insulin in addition to other oral hypoglycemic drugs for immediate preoperative glycemic control are at risk for the development of SGLT2 inhibitor?induced EuKA postoperatively. Missing the diagnosis of EuKA is fatal in these patients. We couldn’t make a diagnosis in our first patient whom we lost. Since it was diagnosed in all our study patients by measuring serial ketone values, there was no mortality and insignificant morbidity. Cessation of SGLT2i before surgery, expectant watch for blood ketones, and treatment with GI infusion reduce morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgical patients.
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Background: Real?time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT?PCR) kits have been reliably employed for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) by the detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS?CoV?2) RNA since the beginning of the disease outbreak. In consideration of reliable diagnosis, apart from RT?PCR, the isothermal nucleic acid amplification?based point-of-care automated kits have also been tagged as a simpler and rapid alternative to the conventional techniques. Currently, the availability of a better diagnostic method for COVID?19 when compared to RT?PCR is nil. The most important step in the detection of SARS?CoV?2 in a RT?PCR diagnostic laboratory is to identify and employ RT?PCR kits with higher sensitivity as well as specificity. Objectives: This study aimed to study commercially available RT?PCR kits for the detection of SARS?CoV?2 infections. Methods: The performance of seven different RT-PCR kits from different manufacturers used for diagnosis of COVID-19 in Govt Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, Tamil Nadu were analysed. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from patients and subjected to RT-PCR using these kits. Results and Conclusion: The sensitivities and batch effects of the assessed kits were slightly different for different targets, for SARS?CoV?2 detection in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Examination of COVID-19 kits should be done using currently employed kits in routine diagnosis for better efficiency
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Introduction & Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequent tumor in adults, it rarely occurs before the age of 25 years, with an annual incidence of only 1-2 cases per 10,00,000 people, accounting for only about 80 cases per year worldwide. Overall incidence of CRC involving hepatic ?exure is 2%, ascending colon is 5%, sigmoid colon is 21% which is very rare in young age group. Herein we report a 3 rare cases of CRC in young adults less than 25 years of age involving hepatic ?exure, ascending colon and sigmoid colon respectively. Case Description: Case 1: A 20 year-old male presented with complaints of abdominal distension and constipation for 1 week and loss of weight for 1 month. Patient had no comorbities and no family history of malignancy. CECT done showed an asymmetric wall thickening involving proximal transverse colon with signi?cant luminal narrowing. He underwent emergency laparotomy and intra operatively patient had a growth at hepatic ?exure of colon with dilated ascending colon, caecum and distal ileum and multiple enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. He was proceeded with right hemicolectomy with ileo transverse anastomosis. Post operative histopathology revealed mucinous adenocarcinoma involving hepatic ?exure. Case 2: A 25 year-old female was hospitalized due to com plaint s of abdominal pain for 3 months, lower abdomen mass for 1 month and melena for the past 15 days and loss of weight and appetite. Patient had no comorbities and no family history of malignancy. CECT done showed a suspicious wall thickening involving ascending colon. The patient was taken up for laparotomy and per operative ?ndings showed a ulceroproliferative growth involving ascending colon. Patient was proceeded with right hemicolectomy with ileo transverse anastomosis. Post operative histopathology revealed mucinous adenocarcinoma involving ascending colon.Case 3: A 22 year-old male was admitted for comp laint s of lower abdominal pain for 4 months, bleeding per rectum on and off for 1 month and abdomen distension and constipation for 5 days and loss of weight and appetite. Patient had no comorbities and no family history of malignancy. CECT done showed a circumferential wall thickening involving sigmoid colon. Hence the patient was proceeded for emergency laparotomy and per operative ?ndings showed a stenosing growth involving sigmoid colon. Patient was proceeded with Hartmann's procedure. Post operative histopathology revealed adenocarcinoma involving sigmoid colon. Conclusion: Within a young group, CRC is usually diagnosed later andpotentially associated with worst prognosis. Detecting CRC at an early, more treatable stage is important for cure and survival. This report suggest a greater suspicion rate and early screening that necessary when evaluating young patients with common symptoms
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Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad term covering a spectrum of conditions ranging from hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is highly prevalent across all regions of the world with its global prevalence of 25.2%(95%CI:22.1-28.7). It is commonly referred as the ‘hepatic manifestation’ of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Moreover, it is strongly associated with the individual components as well as MetS as a whole. NAFLD has been independently associated with other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like chronic kidney disease (CKD), Polycystic ovary Syndrome (PCOS), Stroke and Cancers. This strong association of NCDs with NAFLD not only affects the prevalence but also the progression and management of the disease. Thus, this review aims at highlighting the association of NAFLD with other NCDs. A literature search was undertaken in the MEDLINE database using the necessary MeSH terms. The review concludes NAFLD is a systemic disease, not just confined to liver-specific morbidity and mortality, but also associated with numerous extra-hepatic manifestations, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, chronic renal diseases, and malignancy. With coexistence of NAFLD with various NCDs it is expected to become the most overwhelming liver disease in the world in coming years. Hence, to reduce medical and economic impact associated with these comorbidities, it is recommended that all countries should estimate and predict the burden on comorbidities associated with NAFLD and galvanize its health resources in providing integrated therapeutic approaches for management of NAFLD and related comorbidities at an early stage.
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Barnyard millet is an important up surging minor millet in Asia countries for food and nutritional security. Being a minorcrop, the genetics and inheritance of the traits need to understand, for effective utilization in the crop improvementprogrammes. Here, we investigated the genetic background and inheritance of different traits in barnyard millet genotypes.Forty germplasm accessions were evaluated in different ecological environments of southern India for 17 quantitative traits.Genetic variability analysis using GENSTAT and the pooled REML mean data results revealed that Phenotypic Co-efficientof Variation (PCV) was greater than the Genotypic Co-efficient of Variation (GCV) over the diverged ecological locationsindicating the existence of environmental influence on all the biometric traits studied. In the Western Ghats region (E1),high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was exhibited for traits like days to flowering, plant height, days tomaturity, number of nodes, length of nodes, number of basal tillers, stem diameter, flag leaf length, flag leaf width,inflorescence length, inflorescence width, length of peduncle, number of racemes, single ear head weight and grain yield perplant. Traits like thousand grain weight expressed moderate genetic advance with high heritability while, length of lowerracemes expressed moderate heritability with high genetic advance. Similarly, high heritability coupled with high geneticadvance was recorded for all the characters in valley region (E2) except thousand grain weight that showed high heritabilitybut moderate genetic advance. In contrast, in the area of plains (E3), all the traits exhibited high heritability coupled withhigh genetic advance. Since, majority of the traits have shown high heritability with high genetic advance, selection mightbe effective in these traits irrespective of the environment.
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Background: Pandemics are natural calamities, which humans have been encountering since time im-memorial. The world has witnessed and endured several pandemics like from Justinian Plague to Spanish Flu. The 21st century has already witnessed three major pandemics like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in 2002, Middle East Respiratory syndrome in 2012 and at present COVID?19. The first case of COVID?19 was reported in Wuhan, Hubein Province in Dec 2019. The first case of COVID?19 was reported in Kerala on 30th January 2020. COVID?19 virus is a single stranded RNA Virus and resembles SARS -2 virus and hence the name SARS -COV 2. There has been a report of around 34 million cases with 1 million deaths. Majority of the deaths occur in the elderly population as they have immunosenescence and multiple comorbidities. Hence a study aiming at analysis of correlation between SpO2, radiological and biochemical markers is essential in management of COVID 19 in elderly. Aims & Objectives: To study the correlation between SpO2 and radiological features in X ray and CT Chest and biochemical markers with the severity and outcome in geriatric patients. Study Period: April 2020 to September 2020, Duration: 6 months. Study Centre: Chengalpattu Medical College, Tamilnadu. Inclusion Criteria: RT PCR positive Covid 19 patients more than 60 years of age. Exclusion Criteria: Covid 19 patients less than 60 years, RT PCR Negative patients. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of records of 300 Covid 19 patients, aged more than 60 years hospitalized in Chengalpattu Medical College during April to September 2020 was done and biochemical parameters mentioned below were corelated with features in CXR and CT Chest RTPCR positive spo2 and analysis with severity of disease and outcome was done. Results and Discussion: On retrospective analysis of records of elderly Covid 19 patients, it was observed that the elderly could be graded as mild, moderate and severe based on clinical criteria. Radiological parameters co-relating in the same group classified as mild, moderate and severe could be derived and could be used for assessment of patients. Similarly, it was observed that the biochemical parameters of D? Dimer, C reactive protein, Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio correlated most significantly in that order with the clinical severity of disease and hence could be used as useful tools for assessment of severity of patients and the ranges corelating withseverity could be derived. Conclusion: Analyzing SpO2, radiological features, biochemical parameters individually and in combination with clinical severity and outcome in elderly patients helps in deriving biochemical and radiological parameters to predict severity which in turn helps in a holistic approach and right management at the right time preventing or reducing mortality due to Covid 19 in the elderly.