Melanoma lentigo maligno amelanótico / Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma

RESUMEN El melanoma lentigo maligno es un subtipo de melanoma invasor, que se localiza en áreas fotodañadas de cara y cuello, manifestándose como una mácula no muy definida, de varios colores de la gama del marrón y negro. La variante amelanótica es infrecuente en cualquiera de los subtipos cutáneos de melanoma. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 63 años, que presentó un melanoma lentigo maligno de subtipo amelanótico y de localización infrecuente, en miembro inferior.

SUMMARY Lentigomalignamelanoma is a subtype of invasive melanoma, located in photodamaged skin, particularly of the face and neck. It appears as an ill- defined macula, of heterogeneous color, ranging from brown to black. The amelanotic variant is infrequent in any of the cutaneous melanoma subtypes. We report the case of a 63-year-old woman with amelanoticlentigomaligna melanoma, located in her lower right limb.

Eficácia dos colírios ciclosporina e tacrolimo no tratamento de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães / Efficacy of cyclosporine and tacrolimus drops in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tacrolimo e da ciclosporina na produção lacrimal de cães com ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) durante 90 dias. Para tanto, foram utilizados colírios de tacrolimo 0,02% (TcL) e ciclosporina 0,1% (CsA) em 14 cães com CCS. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos e avaliados antes do início do tratamento (T0) e aos 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3), 60 (T4), 75 (T5) e 90 (T6) dias após o início do tratamento. Na avaliação clínica, observou-se maior redução da secreção ocular, da opacidade e do edema corneano e da vascularização conjuntival. no grupo tacrolimo. No teste de Schirmer, verificou-se produção basal de 6(4,07 e 5,86(2,85mm/min no TcL e CsA, respectivamente, com aumento significativo da produção lacrimal em ambos os grupos, contudo houve aumento significativo da produção lacrimal a partir dos 15 dias de tratamento no grupo TcL (17,88(5,51mm/min), mas apenas a partir dos 45 dias no grupo CsA (11,86(4,74mm/min). Conclui-se que o uso do colírio tacrolimo aumentou em 68,83% a produção lacrimal em 90 dias de tratamento, comparado com a ciclosporina (56,82%), além de diminuir as manifestações clínicas inerentes à CCS, quando comparado à terapia com ciclosporina.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine on the lacrimal production of dogs with ketaroconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) for 90 days. Tacrolimus 0.02% (TcL) and 0.1% cyclosporine (CsA) eye drops were used in 14 dogs with KCS. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups and evaluated before treatment (T0) and at 15 (T1), 30 (T2), 45 (T3), 60 (T4), 75 (T5) and 90 (T6) days after initiation of treatment. Clinical evaluation showed significant reduction of ocular secretion, corneal opacity and edema and conjunctival vascularization in the tacrolimus group. Schirmer test showed basal lacrimal production of 6(4.07 and 5.86(2.85mm/min for TcL and CsA, respectively, with significant increase in lacrimal production in both groups. There was a significant increase in lacrimal production after 15 days of treatment in the TcL group (17.88(5.51mm/min), but only after 45 days in the CsA group (11.86(4.74mm/min). Tacrolimus drops increased lacrimal production in 68.83% after 90 days of treatment, compared to cyclosporine (56.82%), and also reduced clinical manifestations related to KCS when compared to cyclosporine.(AU)

A pilot study on the identification of human papillomavirus genotypes in tongue cancer samples from a single institution in Ecuador

The relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has been established. However, data from Ecuador is limited. The objective of this study was to characterize HPV infection in Ecuadorian patients with tongue cancer. Fifty-three patients with tongue cancer treated at the tertiary referral center Sociedad de Lucha Contra el Cancer (SOLCA), Guayaquil, between 2006 and 2011 were identified. Linear Array® HPV genotyping was used to identify the presence and types of HPV on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy samples from these patients with tongue cancer. HPV was identified in 42% (n=22) and high-risk (HR) HPV in 17% (n=9), with 18 different HPV types identified. The most common types were the HR HPV 33 (14%) and low-risk HPV 67 (14%), followed by the HR HPV 58. More than one HPV type was identified in 27.3% of cases. HPV 33 was frequently associated with other HPV types. No statistically significant differences in gender (P=0.58) and age (P=0.12) were observed between HPV-positive and HPV-negative cases. HPV was identified in almost half of the tongue cancer samples, with subtypes 33 and 67 being the most common. This suggested that HPV played an important role in this disease in the population studied. Given these results, current HPV vaccines may not be as effective in reducing tongue cancer rates in this population.

Frecuencia y factores asociados a la histerectomía obstétrica en un hospital de segundo nivel en México / Frequency and factors associated with obstetric hysterectomy in a second level hospital in México

INTRODUCCION La histerectomía obstétrica es procedimiento de urgencia para resolver una situación grave, su incidencia es de 5 a 15 por cada 1000 eventos obstétricos OBJETIVO GENERAL Determinar la frecuencia y factores asociados a la histerectomía obstétrica en un hospital de segundo nivel en México. METODOLOGIA Estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo en el periodo de Enero de 2014 a Diciembre del 2016, se incluyeron todos los casos de histerectomía posterior a un evento obstétrico, se estudiaron: edad, paridad, vía de interrupción del embarazo, antecedente de cesárea previa, indicaciones y complicaciones de la histerectomía, ingreso al servicio de terapia intensiva y mortalidad, el análisis se realizó con estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS Durante el periodo de estudio, se atendieron 37 308 eventos obstétricos, efectuándose histerectomía obstétrica a 153 pacientes que representan el 0.57%, es decir, una HO por cada 243 embarazos. La edad promedio de quienes se les efectuó la histerectomía fue de 34 años de edad, siendo más frecuente en el grupo de mayores de 35 años, que habían tenido dos o tres embarazos previos. El antecedente de cesárea previa fue del 69.2%. La vía de interrupción del embarazo actual fue de cesárea en el 72.1%. La principal indicación fue la atonía uterina en 51 casos (33.3%). La complicación más frecuente fue la anemia aguda en el 83%. Hubo 1 muerte materna (0.6%). CONCLUSIONES La Histerectomía obstétrica es una cirugía de urgencia, por lo que se deben de identificar durante el control prenatal los factores asociados a las principales indicaciones de esta complicación.

INTRODUCTION Obstetric Hysterectomy (OH) is an emergency procedure to solve a life threatening condition, and its incidence is 5 to 15 per 1000 obstetric events. GENERAL OBJETIVE To determine the frequency and factors related with obstetric hysterectomy at a secondary hospital in Mexico. METHODOLOGY Descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study from January 2014 to December 2016 including all hysterectomy cases due to an obstetric event. Factors such as Age, number of deliveries, abortions, and previous cesarean sections, admission to the Intensive care unit, surgical indications, complications and mortality because of hysterectomy were analyzed thru descriptive statistics. RESULTS 37 308 obstetric events were registered and 153 were treated with Obstetric Hysterectomy representing 0.57% of the total, meaning one OH per every 243 pregnancies. The average age of those who had a hysterectomy was 28.5 years, and the procedure had its peak at the group of age older than 35 years who had had two or more pregnancies. The history of previous cesarean section was 39.2%. In 72.1% the pregnancy was terminated with a cesarean section. The main indication for hysterectomy was Uterine Atony in 33.3% (51 cases). The most frequent complication was acute anemia in 83%. There was a maternal death (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS Obstetric Hysterectomy is an emergency surgery, there are related factors that must be identified during the prenatal control to avoid this complication.

Abscesso do músculo psoas associado à infecção por Mycobacterium tuberculosis em paciente com Aids / Psoas muscle abscess associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in patient with AIDS

Abscesso do músculo psoas é uma condição rara de difícil diagnóstico clínico, pois apresenta sinais e sintomas inespecíficos. No presente relato de caso, ilustramos um exemplo de abscesso do músculo psoas associado ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis em paciente do sexo feminino, 48 anos, com diagnóstico de Aids há cinco anos. O exame físico da paciente evidenciou massa palpável em região lombar que foi confirmada pela ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada. A baciloscopia do líquido obtido da punção do abscesso demonstrou a presença de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes. Após iniciado esquema terapêutico combinado, com drogas antituberculosas, a paciente evoluiu com melhora clínica. Apesar de raro, o abscesso de músculo psoas é uma enfermidade que tem sido mais frequentemente observada em pacientes imunocomprometidos, principalmente aqueles que apresentam a co-infecção HIV-tuberculose.Neste caso, a identificação do agente etiológico associado ao abscesso foi fundamental para garantir a conduta terapêutica adequada e consequentemente a boa evolução do quadro clínico.

Psoas muscle abscess is a rare condition difficult to diagnose clinically, as have non-specific signs and symptoms. In this case report, we illustrate an example of psoas muscle abscess associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in female patient, 48 years old, with diagnosis of AIDS five years ago. Physical examination showed the patient’s palpable mass in the lower back which was confirmed by ultrasonography and computed tomography. The smear obtained from the abscess puncture liquid showed the presence of resistant acid-fast bacilli. After combined treatment regimen started with antituberculosis drugs, the patient improved clinically. Although rare, the psoas muscle abscess is a disease that has been most frequently observed in immunocompromised patients, especially those with HIV-tuberculosis co-infection. In this case, the identification of the etiologic agent associated with the abscess was criticalto ensure an adequate therapeutic conduct and consequently the good progression of the disease.

Síndrome Dress: Presentación de un caso y actualización / Dress syndrome: A case report and a review

El síndrome de sensibilidad a drogas con eosinofília y síntomas sistémicos, (DRESS) es una reacción grave de hipersensibilidad a drogas, caracterizada por: exantema, fiebre, adenopatías, afectación de órganos internos y alteraciones hematológicas. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 30 años con antecedentes de episodios convulsivos, quien estaba medicado con carbamazepina, presentó un cuadro de siete días de evolución, con exantema máculo-papular confluente que se generalizó, hasta comprometer casi toda la superficie corporal, acompañado de conjuntivitis, fiebre, cefalea y poliadenopatías. Los parámetros clínicos demostraron leucocitosis con células atípicas y alteraciones de las pruebas de función hepática. La biopsia de piel fue compatible con reacción medicamentosa, que confirmó el diagnóstico de síndrome DRESS, suspendiéndose el fármaco desencadenante, presentando franca mejoría clínica y de laboratorio, luego de la administración de corticoides. Se describe su patogenia, criterios diagnósticos, características clínicas y terapéutica existente en la actualidad.

DRESS syndrome is a severe hypersensitivity reaction to drugs, characterized by: rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, involvement of internal organs and blood disorders. In this work we present the case of a 30 years old man, with a history of seizures that had been receiving carbamazepine and presented during seven days confluent maculo-papular exanthema that spread to almost the entire body, accompanied by conjunctivitis, fever headache, and lymphadenopathy, these clinical parameters showed leucocytosis with atypical cells and alterations in liver function tests. The skin biopsy was consistent with the drug reaction that confirmed the diagnosis of DRESS syndrome. When the drug treatment was interrupted, the patient presented clinical and laboratory improvements, after corticosteroid administration. We describe the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, clinical features and therapeutics available today.

TP53 codon 72 polymorphism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in a Brazilian population

TP53, a tumor suppressor gene, has a critical role in cell cycle, apoptosis and cell senescence and participates in many crucial physiological and pathological processes. Identification of TP53 polymorphism in older people and age-related diseases may provide an understanding of its physiology and pathophysiological role as well as risk factors for complex diseases. TP53 codon 72 (TP53:72) polymorphism was investigated in 383 individuals aged 66 to 97 years in a cohort from a Brazilian Elderly Longitudinal Study. We investigated allele frequency, genotype distribution and allele association with morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, obesity, neoplasia, low cognitive level (dementia), and depression. We also determined the association of this polymorphism with serum lipid fractions and urea, creatinine, albumin, fasting glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels. DNA was isolated from blood cells, amplified by PCR using sense 5'-TTGCCGTCCCAAGCAATGGATGA-3' and antisense 5'-TCTGGGAAGGGACAGAAGATGAC-3' primers and digested with the BstUI enzyme. This polymorphism is within exon 4 at nucleotide residue 347. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis and Student t-test using the multiple comparison test were used. Allele frequencies, R (Arg) = 0.69 and P (Pro) = 0.31, were similar to other populations. Genotype distributions were within Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This polymorphism did not show significant association with any age-related disease or serum variables. However, R allele carriers showed lower HDL levels and a higher frequency of cardiovascular disease than P allele subjects. These findings may help to elucidate the physiopathological role of TP53:72 polymorphism in Brazilian elderly people.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus como patógeno urinario / Staphylococcus saprophyticus as urinary pathogen

Dentro de los estafilococos coagulasa negativo, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (Ssa) es un importante agente causal de infecciones agudas del tracto urinario (UTI) en mujeres en edad sexual activa y está considerado como el segundo agente más frecuente de UTI en esta población, después de Escherichia coli. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia con que se aíslan Ssa de mujeres en edad sexual activa y evaluar la sensibilidad de las cepas aisladas. Desde junio del 2001 a junio del 2003 fueron recolectadas cepas de estafilococos coagulasa negativo aisladas de urocultivos provenientes de mujeres en edad comprendida entre 15 y 50 años que concurrieron al Laboratorio San Roque. La identificación presuntiva se realizó mediante pruebas de sensibilidad al disco de novobiocina (5µg) y la confirmación mediante la producción de ácidos a partir de xilosa, manosa, arabinosa y sacarosa. La sensibilidad fue determinada según normas estandarizadas de la NCCLS. De 610 urocultivos positivos se aislaron 50 cepas de Ssa, obteniéndose una prevalencia de 8,2%. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a gentamicina, norfloxacina, oxacilina, cefalotina, nitrofurantoina y vancomicina, 98% resultaron sensibles a la penicilina y a trimetoprima­sulfametoxazol. Todas las cepas novobiocina resistentes fueron confirmados como Ssa por las pruebas de azucares. Los resultados de frecuencia y sensibilidad del Ssa, coinciden con lo reportado en numerosos trabajos. La prueba del disco de novobiocina es de mucha utilidad para la identificación de los Ssa debido a que estafilococos novobiocina resistentes distintos de Ssa se encuentran con muy poca frecuencia en muestras clínicas humanas.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus(Ssa), a coagulase negative staphylococcus, causes urinary tract infection and is predominant in sexually active young women. Ssa is the second most frequent pathogen in this population after Escherichia coli. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Ssa isolates in sexually active women and to evaluate the sensibility to antimicrobial agents. From June 2001 to June 2003, coagulase negative Staphylococcus strains were isolated from urine culture in women with ages ranging from 15 to 50 years. The presumptive identification was determined by a disc susceptibility to novobiocin (5 mcg). The confirmation was performed by xylose, mannose, arabinose and saccharose fermentation. The sensibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by standardised guidelines of NCCLS. From 610 urine cultures, 50 Ssa strains were isolated and the prevalence was 8.2%. All strains were susceptible to gentamicin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, cephalothin, nitrofurantoin and vancomycin. Ninety eight percent was susceptible to penicillin and trimethoprim­sulphamethoxazole. The results of frequency and sensibility were similar to those reported previously. Novobiocin disc test is very useful to identify Ssa because novobiocin resistant staphylococci different from Ssa are rarely found in human clinic samples.

Frequency of Werner helicase 1367 polymorphism and age-related morbidity in an elderly Brazilian population

Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging disease caused by a mutation in the WRN gene. The gene was identified in 1996 and its product acts as a DNA helicase and exonuclease. Some specific WRN polymorphic variants were associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. The identification of genetic polymorphisms as risk factors for complex diseases affecting older people can improve their prevention, diagnosis and prognosis. We investigated WRN codon 1367 polymorphism in 383 residents in a district of the city of São Paulo, who were enrolled in an Elderly Brazilian Longitudinal Study. Their mean age was 79.70 ± 5.32 years, ranging from 67 to 97. This population was composed of 262 females (68.4 percent) and 121 males (31.6 percent) of European (89.2 percent), Japanese (3.3 percent), Middle Eastern (1.81 percent), and mixed and/or other origins (5.7 percent). There are no studies concerning this polymorphism in Brazilian population. These subjects were evaluated clinically every two years. The major health problems and morbidities affecting this cohort were cardiovascular diseases (21.7 percent), hypertension (83.7 percent), diabetes (63.3 percent), obesity (41.23 percent), dementia (8.0 percent), depression (20.0 percent), and neoplasia (10.8 percent). Their prevalence is similar to some urban elderly Brazilian samples. DNA was isolated from blood cells, amplified by PCR and digested with PmaCI. Allele frequencies were 0.788 for the cysteine and 0.211 for the arginine. Genotype distributions were within that expected for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Female gender was associated with hypertension and obesity. Logistic regression analysis did not detect significant association between the polymorphism and morbidity. These findings confirm those from Europeans and differ from Japanese population.

Comparación de diferentes métodos para la identificación de especies del género Candida / Comparison of different methods for species identification of genus Candida

Las diferentes especies del género Candida producen una variedad de enfermedades, desde infecciones mucocutáneas leves a formas diseminadas graves. Tradicionalmente, la taxonomía de las levaduras se ha llevado a cabo en base a estudios morfológicos y fisiológicos, pero éstos dependen de las condiciones de cultivo de las cepas, por lo que se han observado diversas dificultades. Por tal motivo, recientemente, se han probado técnicas de biología molecular. El objetivo de este trabajo es correlacionar los estudios taxonómicos de las especies correspondientes a las principales patógenas: C. albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis y C. glabrata, realizados por técnicas fenotípicas tradicionales, métodos comerciales y por PCR fingerprinting. Al comparar las técnicas que identifican Candida albicans, agar harina de maíz y formación de tubos germinativos, estadísticamente se observa que no existen diferencias significativas entre ambos métodos (valor de la estadística X2 = 0,5 p = 0,4795). Comparando los métodos que discriminan especies de Candida: pruebas fisiológicas, CHROMagar, API20C y PCR fingerprinting se observó que no existen diferencias significativas en las proporciones de resultados que identifican cualquier Candida entre las pruebas fisiológicas, API20C y PCR fingerprinting. La proporción de resultados definitivos es mayor a la obtenida usando el método CHROMagar (p< 0,001).

Different species of genus Candida can cause a wide range of pathologies, since mucocutaneous trivial infections to disseminated serious forms. Traditionally, taxonomy of yeast has been performed taking into account morphologic and physiologic studies, but they depend on the culture conditions of strains, what cause certain difficulties. Thus, recently, molecular biology methods have been tried. The aim of this work is to correlate taxonomic studies of most important pathogenic species -C. albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata- all of them performed by phenotypic traditional methods, commercial ones, and by a molecular method, PCR fingerprinting. Comparing useful methods for C. albicans identification, corn flour agar and germinative tube formation, no statistical differences between them are observed (X2 =0.5, p=0.4795). By comparison between methods to discriminate different Candida species, physiological tests, CHROMagar, API 20C and PCR fingerprinting we observed no significative differences in proportion of accurate results, in test that can identify any Candida species, such as physiological assays, API 20C and PCR fingerprinting. The proportion of unequivocal results is greater than the obtained performing the CHROMagar culture method (p< 0.001).

Estudio epidemiológico en niños preescolares de 5 años de edad de una comunidad urbana de riesgo social / An epidemiological study of 5-year-old preschool children from an urban community at social risk

El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar el perfil epidemiológico bucal de niños preescolares que concurren a un jardín de infantes de nivel inicial dependiente del gobierno de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Sobre 150 niños de 5 años se realizó: (1) historia clínica, (2) índice de placa (IP) e índice gingival (IG) según Loe y Silness, (3) cepillado mecánico y a continuación examen clínico para establecer el estado dentario y registro documental (ceod). Se obtuvo la media y error estándar de las variables analizadas y se realizó x2 y coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Los resultados revelaron un ceod de: 7.35 +- 0.31 y los c, eo fueron de: 6.58 +- 0.31, 0.35 +- 0.076 y 0.42 +- 0.098 respectivamente. El ceos de 13.20 +- 0.75 y los componentes cs, es. os. fueron de 10.72 +- 0.65, 1.73 +- 0.38 y 0.74 +- 0.17. El CPOD de 0.32 +- 0.18 y el componente C 0.32 +- 0.18. El CPOS fue de 0.36 +- 0.21 y el componente Cs, de 0.36 +- 0.21. El índice de placa fue de 1.09 +- 0.058 y el índice gingival de 0.58 +- 0.06. En el 5.3 por ciento de los niños no se registraron caries. Se registraron asociaciones y correlaciones significativas entre: ceod e IP: X2:35.11 rho:0.53 (p<0.001); ceod e IG (X2: 12.07 p <0.001 rho: 0.35 p < 0.0001); componente C e IP (X2:35.53 rho: 0.54 p <0.0001); componente C e IG (X2: 14.13 rho: 0.42 p < 0.001); ceos e IP (X2: 26.43 rho: 0.49 p<0.0001); ceos e IG (X2: 7.35 p<0.01 rho:0.54 p<0.0001); componente cs e IG (X2: 13.12 p<0.001 rho: 0.40 p<0.0001). Los niños preescolares presentaron elevada prevalencia de caries. El 5.3 por ciento de los niños no presentaron caries. El 84.7 por ciento de los niños presentaron ceod > a 4

Brazilian version of the Berg balance scale

The purpose of the present study was to translate and adapt the Berg balance scale, an instrument for functional balance assessment, to Brazilian-Portuguese and to determine the reliability of scores obtained with the Brazilian adaptation. Two persons proficient in English independently translated the original scale into Brazilian-Portuguese and a consensus version was generated. Two translators performed a back translation. Discrepancies were discussed and solved by a panel. Forty patients older than 65 years and 40 therapists were included in the cultural adaptation phase. If more than 15 percent of therapists or patients reported difficulty in understanding an item, that item was reformulated and reapplied. The final Brazilian version was then tested on 36 elderly patients (over age 65). The average age was 72 years. Reliability of the measure was assessed twice by one physical therapist (1-week interval between assessments) and once by one independent physical therapist. Descriptive analysis was used to characterize the patients. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Pearson's correlation coefficient were computed to assess intra- and interobserver reliability. Six questions were modified during the translation stage and cultural adaptation phase. The ICC for intra- and interobserver reliability was 0.99 (P < 0.001) and 0.98 (P < 0.001), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient for intra- and interobserver reliability was 0.98 (P < 0.001) and 0.97 (P < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that the Brazilian version of the Berg balance scale is a reliable instrument to be used in balance assessment of elderly Brazilian patients.

Prevalencia de fatores ambientais associados a quedas em idosos residentes na comunidade em Sao Paulo, SP

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalencia de fatores ambientais de risco para quedas em idosos que vivem na comunidade e sua associacao com idosos que nunca cairam e com os que caem recorrentemente. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 87 idosos com idade superior a 65 anos morando na comunidade e participantes de um estudo coorte prospectivo. Uma avaliacao ambiental padronizada foi realizada nos domicilios de 53 idoso que cairam recorrentemente e de 34 idosos que nunca havia caido. Foi observada alta prevalencia de riscos ambientais nos domicilios dessa populacao: piso escorregadio (88,5 por cento), presenca de tapetes na sala (62 por cento),armarios inacessiveis na cozinha (87,4 por cento) e ausencia de iluminacao noturna (44,8 por cento). Nao houve domicilio livre de riscos, sendo a media encontrada de 22 riscos/domicilios de 47 avaliados. So houve associacao entre riscos ambientais e idoso que cairam recorrentemente para a presenca de interruptores de luz inacessivel em todos os comodos. Tapetes nos banheiros, presenca de escadas com riscos e a atitude de subir em um banco para alcancar objetos foram mais prevalentes entre os idosos que nunca cairam. Os domicilios apresentam muitos riscos ambientais. Nao foi encontrada associacao importante entre a presenca dos riscos e idoos que cairam. Idosos que nunca cairam parecem adotar com mais frequencia comportamentos de risco diante dos atributos ambientes

Risk of hepatitis B virus transmission by diagnostic hysteroscopy

Few data are available in the literature concerning the efficacy of standard hysteroscope disinfection procedures to prevent hepatitis B transmission. The aim of the present study was to determine the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission during hysteroscopy among anti-HBc-seropositive women. Serum and hysteroscopic samples were collected from 62 women after diagnostic hysteroscopy. All samples were tested for serologic HBV markers. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were carried out to amplify regions C and S of the viral genome and only samples amplified by both pairs of primers were considered to be positive. Anti-HBc was repeatedly reactive in 48 (77 percent) of 62 serum samples, and HBsAg was detected in 8 (13 percent). At least one HBV serologic marker was found in 49 (79 percent) samples. Only one sample was HBsAg positive and anti-HBc negative. HBV-DNA was detected by PCR in 7 serum samples but in only 3 hysteroscopic samples obtained just after hysteroscopy. It is noteworthy that high levels of anti-HBc IgM were detected in one HBsAg-negative patient who showed an HBV-DNA-positive hysteroscopic sample. An elevated sample/cut-off ratio for anti-HBc IgM suggests recent infection and reinforces the need for testing for HBsAg and anti-HBc before hysteroscopy, since acute hepatitis B can be clinically asymptomatic. Viral DNA was not detected in any hysteroscopic samples collected after washing and disinfecting procedures with glutaraldehyde. We conclude that HBV-DNA can be found in the hysteroscope soon after hysteroscopy, but standard disinfecting procedures are effective in viral removal.

Colpocitologia em ambulatório de ginecologia preventiva / Colpocytology in a preventive gynecological ambulatory

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os resultados de colpocitologia oncótica de mulheres atendidas em ambulatório de ginecologia preventiva (Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo). MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 6821 mulheres submetidas a exame clínico e ginecológico com realizaçäo de colpocitologia oncótica pela técnica de Papanicolaou. Estas mulheres foram consideradas conforme a faixa etária em três grupos: abaixo de 40 anos, entre 41 e 60 anos e acima de 60 anos. RESULTADOS: Amaioria das mulheres reconhecem tanto a necessidade da colpocitologia como sua periodicidade, principalmente entre as mais jovens. As mulheres acima de 60 anos eram as que mais referiam (54,1 por cento) näo conhecer a necessidade da colpocitologia oncótica, nem sua periodicidade (58,8 por cento); o grupo que melhor referia conhecimento da necessidade e periodicidade da colpocitologia oncótica foi o de mulheres entre 40 e 60 anos. O material foi considerado insuficiente para análise em 15,1 por cento ou inadequado em 1,1 por cento, sendo os resultados: classe I (21,7 por cento), II (59,9 por cento), III (2,0 por cento), IV (0,1 por cento) e V (0,1 por cento). Näo houve diferença significativa em relaçäo à distribuiçäo dos casos de neoplasia intraepitelial (NIC) entre as faixas etárias. O achado microbiológico mais freqüente foi Gardnerella sp. (8,6 por cento). Presença de papilomavírus humano (HPV) foi significativamente menor nas mulheres acima de 60 anos. CONCLUSÖES: O diagnóstico de alteraçöes colpocitológicas relacionadas a neoplasias foi de 2,2 por cento com detecçäo de Gardnerella sp. como o agente microbiológico mais prevalente por este método. A distribuiçäo de infecçäo pelo HPV mostrou declínio com o aumento da faixa etária. As mulheres mais velhas foram as que menos apresentavam conhecimento sobre a realizaçäo de colpocitologia

The use of calcofluor white for the detection of fungi wich cause subcutaneous and systemic mycoses

Esta técnica facilita la observación microscópica de elementos fúngicos en materiales clínicos, donde su presencia es escasa o no fácilmente detectable por las técnicas tradicionales. Se colocó una gota de la solución de blanco de calcofluor con una gota de KOH al 20 porciento sobre el material estudiado, examinándolo microscópicamente con luz u.v. Los elementos fúngicos presentaron una fluorescencia verde manzana, lo que facilitó su detección en micosis sistémica y subcutáneas. Presenta una sensibilidad similar a la coloración de gomori-grocott, pero tiene la ventaja de ser mucho más simple. Se concluye que esta técnica es mucho más sensible y específica que la observación microscópica directa.

Uso de complejos inmunes para conferir protección en trichinellosis / Immune complexes in trichinellosis protection

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo en modelo experimental murino se utilizaron 60 ratones Balb/c de 3 meses de edad, los cuales fueron inmunizados con bandas de precipitación obtenidas de complejos inmunes formados por la interacción de antígeno-anticuerpo de triquina, las cuales fueron eluidas con Buffer de barbital pH 8,6, el esquema de inmunización fue aplicar 10 mg de proteína cada 7 días por 4 ocasiones vía subcutánea, a la cuarta semana fueron retados con aproximadamente 100 larvas infectantes (Ll) de T. spiralis por vía oral y se sacrificaron a la cuarta semana post-infección, se obtuvo suero pre-inmunización, de la cuarta semana post-inmunización y de la cuarta semana post-inoculación con Ll de T. spiralis, para determinar la presencia de anticuerpos se realizó Dot-Elisa y Western Blot (WB). El tejido muscular obtenido del sacrificio de los animales experimentales y control se analizó por microscopio óptico. Por Dot-Elisa a la cuarta semana de post-inmunización de los 60 ratones, 50 resultaron positivos hasta títulos de 1:1020, y el grupo control de 10 ratones fue negativo. Por WB a la cuarta semana post-inmunización todos los animales inmunizados presentaron una banda de 45 kDa y el grupo control fue negativo, en los sueros post-inoculación de la semana de sacrificio todos los animales presentaron bandas en un promedio de 7 y predominio en la de 45 kDa, la carne de los inmunizados tuvo menor número de Ll que el grupo control. En conclusión la inmunización con complejos inmunes de T. spiralis despertó una respuesta inmune humoral y probablemente un efecto protector al impedir el implante de las larvas infectantes (Ll) de T. spiralis

Avaliaçäo da contagem diferencial de células sangüíneas por metodologia automatizada e microscopia / Diferential blood cells counting evaluation by automated methodology and optical microscopy

O hemograma é uma importante análise laboratorial de triagem na avaliaçäo dos fatores estimuladores e diferenciadores dos precursores hemopoiéticos medulares. Em condiçöes fisiológicas há equilíbrio entre a produçäo e a destruiçäo das células sangüíneas, realizada através de microscopia óptica e/ou automatizada, pode revelar possíveis variaçöes fisiológicas ou mesmo situaçöes patológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os resultados da contagem de células sangüínas, empregando-se metodologia automatizada, com aqueles obtidos através da avaliaçäo diferencial por microscopia óptica. As análises das células sangüíneas de 558 pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário foram realizadas no setor de Hematologia do Laboratório de Análises Clínicas. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que através da metodologia automatizada determinou-se número significamente maior de neutrófilos (p<0,05) e de monócitos (p<0,0001), em relaçäo àqueles determinados por microscopia óptica. Nas determinaçöes de plaquetas, linfócitos, eosinófilos e basófilos, näo foram observadas variaçöes significativas entre os métodos avaliados (p>0,05). Esses dados sugerem que apesar da agilidade dos métodos automatizados, quando o aparelho apresentar alarmes específicos em sua leitura, a análise por microscopia óptica, ainda é indispensável afim de minimizar as limitaçöes na contagem diferencial das células sangüíneas realizadas em aparelhos automatizados, e assim garantir a qualidade do resultado

Forma no habitual de paracoccidioidomicosis oral / An unusual form of oral paracoccidioidomycosis

Comunicamos el primer hallazgo de paracoccidioidomicosis con localización ósea de la cavidad oral de evolución crónica. En el material obtenido por biopsia se observan elementos levaduriformes compatibles con paracoccidioides brasiliensis, aislándose en los cultivos a 37ºC en su fase levaduriforme. La reacción serológica de inmunodifusión para la búsqueda de anticuerpos contra p. brasiliensis fue negativa. Se destaca el buen resultado obtenido con la terapia utilizada