Integration of history of medicine in the education and reform exploration of standardized residency training in endocrinology department — taking hundred years of history of insulin development as an example / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To study the methods of hormone-related teaching in standardized residency training of endocrinology.Methods:From February 2022 to June 2022, 25 residents in the Department of Endocrinology, Peking University Third Hospital were given a standardized residency training. The teaching mode combined with a hundred years of insulin development was adopted to practice insulin teaching, and questionnaires were evaluated before and after the teaching. Chi-square test was performed by SPSS 20.0.Results:A total of 31 physicians participated in the training, and 25 residents who were included in the first-stage standardized training were analyzed. Before the training, only 3 people (12%) knew the development history of insulin, and 10 people (40%) answered all the questions about clinical use of insulin correctly. After the training, 23 residents (92%) said they knew or were familiar with the history of insulin development, and 20 residents (80%) answered the questions about the clinical use of insulin correctly, all of which were higher than those before the training, and the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:The integration of medical history in standardized residency training in endocrinology department can effectively improve the teaching effect, and enhance the humanity quality of young doctors, which can become an effective vehicle in standardized residency training.

Strengthening the Reporting of Pharmacogenetic Studies (STROPS) guideline / 中华流行病学杂志

Pharmacogenetic studies are designed to investigate the associations between genetic variation and treatment response for a particular drug in terms of both efficacy and adverse events and have high sample size requirements. To improve the quality of pharmacogenetic studies and facilitate the Meta-analyses to investigate statistically significant associations, Strengthening the Reporting of Pharmacogenetic Studies (STROPS) guideline was developed in 2020 based on the Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA) statement. The objective of this article is to present a brief introduction to the STROPS guideline and an interpretation of the key points in some items with examples for the better understanding and application.

Prognosis factors for death within 90 days of discharge in patients with acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy after surgery for Stanford type A acute aortic dissection / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the prognosis factors for death within 90 days after discharge in patients with acute kidney injury(AKI) treated requiring continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT) undergoing surgery for acute Standford type A aortic dissection. Methods: The clinic data of 126 patients undergoing CRRT for postoperative AKI after acute type A aortic dissection surgery in the Center for Cardiac Intensive Care, Beijing Anzhen Hospital from July 2016 to February 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 83 males and 43 females, aging (52.9±11.2) years(range: 25 to 70 years). The patients' demographic characteristics, disease-related information, perioperative data, laboratory indexes during CRRT, complications, and survival information within 90 days after discharge were recorded. Independent prognosis factors for death within 90 days of discharge were determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, univariate and multifactorial Cox regression analysis. Results: Totally 57 of 126 patients(45.2%) died over the first 90 days after discharge. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis showed that there were significant differences between the non-survival and survival group including ≥65 years old, high lactate values 12 hours after CRRT, pulmonary infection, liver dysfunction, presence of permanent neurological complications, and postoperative ejection fraction(EF)<45%. Multifactorial Cox regression analysis revealed that ≥65 years old(HR=2.14, 95%CI: 1.09 to 4.21, P=0.03), high lactate values 12 hours after CRRT(HR=1.13, 95%CI: 1.06 to 1.20, P=0.01) and postoperative EF<45%(HR=2.21, 95%CI: 1.09 to 4.51, P=0.03) were independent prognosis factors for patients' death within 90 days after hospital discharge. Conclusions: ≥65 years old, high lactate values 12 hours after CRRT and postoperative EF<45% are independent prognosis factors for death within 90 days after discharge in patients undergoing CRRT for AKI after acute type A aortic dissection surgery. Proper identification and management of prognosis factors could be beneficial to improve patients' outcomes.

Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage caused by anticoagulant therapy after joint replacement surgery: One case report and literature review / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage is a rare cause of primary adrenal insufficiency, and bilateral adrenal hemorrhage due to anticoagulant use is even rarer. We describe the case of a 62-year-old woman receiving post total knee arthroplasty anticoagulant therapy who presented fever, vomitting, stomachache, and severe fatigue on the 8th day. It was until 4 months later that the patient was finally diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency resuting from bilateral adrenal hemorrhage, her symptoms were relieved by glucocorticoid replacement therapy. In order to promote the awareness, diagnosis, and mangement of post-surgery anticoagulants induced bilateral adrenal hemorrhage, the clinical characteristics of the reported cases were summarized and analyzed.

Epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in Yunnan Province from 2008 to 2018 and prediction of grey GM (1, 1) model / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To discover the epidemic characteristics of brucellosis in Yunnan Province, and establish a grey GM (1, 1) model to predict brucellosis in Yunnan Province.Methods:The epidemic data of incidence rate of brucellosis and population data in Yunnan Province from 2008 to 2018 were collected from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics. Epidemiological characteristics (including time, area and population distributions) were analyzed, and grey GM (1, 1) model was used to predict the incidence of brucellosis in Yunnan Province in 2019 and 2020.Results:A total of 1 216 brucellosis cases were reported in Yunnan Province from 2008 to 2018, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.237 4/100 000, showing an increasing trend year by year (χ 2trend = 843.34, P<0.01). Case reports were mainly from March to September, accounted for 69.41% (844/1 216) of the total number of cases. The top five regions with case reports were Honghe (289 cases), Qujing (264 cases), Kunming (258 cases), Dali (160 cases), and Yuxi (134 cases), accounting for 90.87% (1 105/1 216). The occupation was mainly farmers, accounting for 79.03% (961/1 216). A grey GM (1, 1) model was established to predict the incidence of brucellosis in Yunnan Province in 2019 and 2020, which was 0.487 6/100 000 and 0.481 7/100 000, respectively. Conclusion:The incidence of brucellosis in Yunnan Province has increased compared with that of the past, and targeted prevention and control should be carried out in key areas and key populations, and the prediction results should be prospectively evaluated to gradually improve the establishment of brucellosis prediction model in Yunnan Province.

Expert consensus on Antiviral Oral Liquid in treatment of influenza in clinical practice / 中国中药杂志

Antiviral Oral Liquid is modified on the basis of Baihu Decoction in Treatise on Febrility Diseases by ZHANG Zhongjing and Qingwen Baidu Yin in Qing Dynasty, with effects in clearing toxic heat, repelling dampness and cooling blood. It is widely used in clinical treatment of common colds, influenza and upper respiratory tract infection, mumps, viral conjunctivitis and hand-foot-mouth disease, with a good clinical efficacy and safety. Based on a questionnaire survey of clinicians and a systematic review of study literatures on Antiviral Oral Liquid, the international clinical practice guidelines development method was adopted to analyze the optimal available evidences and expert experiences in the "evidence-based, consensus-based and experience-based" principles. The consensus was jointly reached by more than 30 multidisciplinary experts nationwide, including clinical experts of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the field of respiratory diseases and infectious diseases, and methodological experts. In the study, literatures were retrieved based on clinical problems in the clinical survey as well as PICO clinical problems. The GRADE system was used for the classification and evaluation of evidence, and fully combined with clinical expert experience, so as to reach expert consensus by the nominal grouping method. This expert consensus recommended or suggested indications, usage and dosage, course of treatment, intervention time for treatment, and the safety and precautions of Antiviral Oral Liquid for treatment of influenza, and can provide reference for the rational use of this drug in clinical practice.

Epidemiologic characteristics of Norovirus outbreak in schools and kindergardens in China during 2014-2018 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus clustering and outbreaks in schools and kindergartens in China, so as to provide references for prevention and control of outbreaks.@*Methods@#A descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze outbreaks of Norovirus in schools and kindergartens in China during 2014-2018 , the indicators which was analyzed and compared including attack rate, duration of the outbreak, reporting interval.@*Results@#A total of 832 Norovirus outbreaks were reported by schools and kindergartens in China from 2014 to 2018. The total number of outbreaks showed an upward trend with an average annual growth rate of 58%. The number of reported cases was 40 445 but there was no death. Norovirus outbreaks mainly occurred in primary schools (42%), followed by kindergartens and middle schools (both 24%), university (6%) and 77 outbreaks (4%) were reported in universities and other schools. The peak seasons were March to May, November and December each year. Jiangsu Province and Guangdong Province (both 22%) reported the largest number of outbreaks. The main transmission of norovirus outbreaks was through direct person contact (72%), foodborne (4%) and waterborne (3%) caused fewer outbreaks than direct person contact. The duration of the epidemic was positively correlated with the reporting interval (r=0.63, P<0.05) and the number of cases per outbreak (r=0.51, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Disinfection treatment of vomitus should be standardized in schools and kindergartens. Timely detection, reporting, disposal of the epidemic can effectively control the spread of norovirus outbreaks.

Effect of nerve growth factor on osteogenic potential of type 2 diabetic mice bone marrow stromal cell in vitro / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective@#To study the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of type 2 diabetic mice bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC), providing basis for clinical application of NGF.@*Methods@#Three 8-week-old male db/db mice and two 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were used in the study. BMSC derived from femur were cultured though adherence method. BMSC of C57BL/6J mice and db/db mice was divided into normal group and diabetic group to conduct the osteogenic potential experiment, named experiment one. In experiment two, diabetic BMSC was divided into 3 groups: diabetic control group, NGF group, and K252a+NGF group [K252a was the inhibitor of tyrosine kinase A (TrkA), which was the high affinity receptor of NGF], to investigate effect of NGF on osteogenic potential of diabetic mice BMSC. After seeding BMSC, K252a was added into K252a+NGF group, then NGF was added 30 min later. NGF was added into NGF group and K252a+NGF group, but not diabetic control group. The proliferation of BMSC at 1, 3, 5 and 7 d in experiment one and the proliferation of BMSC at 1, 2 and 3 d in experiment two were evaluated through methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, and the level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at 3, 5 and 7 d in both experiments were measured. After being osteogenic induced for 14 d, mineralized nodules in both experiments were quantitated by alizarin red calcium stain. Five holes were set in every group, and all experiments were repeated 3 times.@*Results@#The BMSC proliferation of diabetic group was significantly higher than that of the normal group at 3, 5 and 7 d (P<0.05). After being osteogenic inducted for 3, 5 and 7 d, ALP level of diabetic group were significantly lower than that of normal group (P<0.05). After being osteogenic inducted for 14 d, calcium nodule count of diabetic group [(23.1±6.4) nodule/field] were significantly lower than that of normal group [(36.9±7.9) nodule/field](P<0.05). At 1, 2 and 3 d, BMSC proliferations of diabetic control group, NGF group and K252a+NGF group were not statistically different (P>0.05). After being osteogenic inducted for 3 and 5 d, ALP level of NGF group was significantly higher than that of diabetic control group (P<0.05). After being osteogenic inducted for 3, 5, and 7 d, ALP level of K252a+NGF group was significantly lower than that of NGF group (P<0.05) and diabetic control group (P<0.05). After being osteogenic induced for 14 d, calcium nodule count of NGF group [(45.2±6.8) nodule/field] was significantly more than that of diabetic control group [(23.1±6.4) nodule/field](P<0.05); while calcium nodule count of K252a+NGF group [(18.0±4.5) nodule/field] was significantly less than that of NGF group (P<0.05) and diabetic control group (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The differentiation and mineralization of type 2 diabetic mice BMSC was significantly reduced. NGF promoted the osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of diabetic mice BMSC in viro though combining with TrkA.

Apoptosis induced by transferring cytosine deaminase suicide gene into kinds of cancer cells with novel polyamidoamine dendrimers / 药学学报

This study demonstrates efficacy of a novel polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM dendrimers) with pentaerythritol derivatives as the core (G5 PD dendrimer) in deliver of the cytosine deaminase (CD) gene and EGFP gene fusion plasmid into different tumor cell lines to induce apoptosis. The physical and chemical properties of G5 PD dendrimers in terms of DNA complexation, particulate properties and transfection efficiencies were investigated and compared with commercial gene vectors PEI 25 kDa. The optimum ratio of G5 PD dendrimer complexed with plasmid DNA was 0.2:1, and the particle size of the complex was (100±5) nm. Compared with the commercial gene carriers PEI, G5 PD dendrimer exhibited a higher transfection efficiency at the weight ratio of 1:1 in three different cell lines, given the fact that PEI are different from PAMAM dendrimers in terms of molecular structure. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assays of the cell lines transfected with G5 PD dendrimer/pCD-EGFP-N1 followed by exposure to various concentrations of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) also showed that the transfected cell lines could generate a very low amount of 5-FC to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a short period of time, which indicating the high expression level of CD gene in the cell line. These results indicate that the CD/5FC system of G5 PD dendrimer has an excellent efficacy in gene delivery.

Effect of Interaction between PLIN Gene Polymorphisms and Open Lifestyle Intervention on Weight-loss in Chinese Han Adults / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of the interaction between PLIN gene polymorphisms and open lifestyle intervention on weight-loss in Chinese Han adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 109 overweight or obese subjects were assigned by random number table to the intervention group (n=56) or control group (n=53),and subjects in the intervention group received 22-week open lifestyle intervention. Anthropometric and metabolic indicators were measured for all subjects before and after intervention,and the PLIN1,PLIN4,and PLIN6 genotypes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced through the first-generation sequencing technologies.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among all these subjects,the rare allele C was dominant at PLIN1 (0.619),the common allele G was dominant at PLIN4 (0.606),and the common allele A was dominant at PLIN6 (0.564),in which PLIN1 and PLIN4 as well as PLIN4 and PLIN6 were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D'>0.9). After intervention,the body mass index,waist circumference,and body fat percent of female subjects were significantly decreased in intervention group and were lower than in control group;in male subjects,however,only the waist circumference showed significant difference with the control group (P<0.05). Subjects carrying rare allele homozygote of PLIN6 got less weight/fat loss than those carrying common alleles in intervention group,while subjects carrying rare allele of PLIN1 had more weight/fat increase than those with common allele homozygote in control group (P<0.05). Females in intervention group carrying any one of rare allele homozygotes of PLIN1,PLIN4 and PLIN6 got less weight/fat loss than those with common alleles,and female subjects carrying the rare allele homozygote haplotype of PLIN1/PLIN4 or PLIN4/PLIN6 got less weight/fat loss than those with other haplotypes (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The interaction between open lifestyle intervention and PLIN gene polymorphisms can directly influence weight-loss in Chinese Han overweight and obese adults.</p>

Analysis of the risky behaviors among HIV positive female sex workers / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the characteristics of risky behaviors among different age groups of HIV positive female sex workers, and to explore the strengthening of their management.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January to June 2014, 22 814 female sex workers were investigated and tested HIV in 117 sentinel surveillance sites in Yunnan Province, and 181 were confirmed to be HIV antibody positive, who accepted questionnaire surveys. According to the age, the participants were divided into the < 35 years old age group and ≥ 35 years old age group. The demographic characteristics, knowledge about HIV/AIDS and related risk behaviors characteristics of the two groups were obtained via questionnaire surveys among 181 HIV positive female sex workers, and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted from among 12 HIV positive sex workers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HIV antibody positive rate was 0.8% (181), the age of the 181 subjects were (35.83 ± 9.17) years old, 76 cases (42.0%) were < 35 years old, and 105 cases (58.0%) were ≥ 35 years old. The differences of marital status, workplace class, the last work site among two groups were statistically significant (χ(2) = 20.80, 28.32, 7.83; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.020, respectively). Among 181 HIV, the proportion of AIDS awareness was 95.6% (173); the proportion of drug use among ≥ 35 years old age group was 51.4% (54), which was higher than that in < 35 years old age group (34.2%, 26/76) (χ(2) = 5.30, P = 0.021). 96.7% (175) received condom promotion or HIV counseling and testing in the past year. The proportion of continuing to engage in sexual services over 5 years after HIV infection was 48.5% (51/105) and the proportion of receiving antiretroviral treatment was 69.5% (73/105) in ≥ 35 years old age group, which were higher than those in the < 35 age group (30.2% (23/76), 52.6% (40/76); χ(2) = 12.26, 5.36; P = 0.002, 0.021, respectively). In-depth interviews among 12 HIV positive female sex workers found that regular clients, not consistent use of condoms were the main cause of no condom use. Economic and livelihood factors are important reasons for continuing to engage in sexual services among HIV positive sex workers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIV positive sex workers still have high risk behaviors including continuing to engage in commercial sexual service and no condom use after knowing their HIV infection status, and the proportion of using drugs in the ≥ 35 years old group was higher than that in < 35 years old group.</p>

Change trend of HIV/AIDS related risk factors and influencing factors among men who have sex with men in Yunnan, 2010-2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the change trend of the awareness rate of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Yunnan and the factors influencing their condom use, and evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data about the MSM's demographic information, HIV/AIDS related knowledge awareness, and sex behavior, condom use, drug use and intervention receiving were obtained from AIDS sentinel surveillance among MSM in Yunnan province during 2010-2013 to conduct change trend and influencing factor analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 9 073 MSM were surveyed. The awareness rate of the HIV/AIDS related knowledge, homosexual behavior and condom use rate increased year by year (P < 0.01). The condom use rate was lower in heterosexual behavior, and the drug use rate and sexually transmitted disease prevalence declined with year (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that cohabiting, low awareness of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, being from other provinces, local residence for <1 year, low education level, receiving no intervention, frequent anal sex and receiving no HIV/AIDS detection were the risk factors influencing persistent condom use among MSM.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The effect of HIV/AIDS comprehensive intervention was observed after 4 years implantation, but most of the index were at low level. More attention should be paid to the intervention among MSM with cohabiting habit, low education level, frequent anal sex, and heterosexual sex. It is necessary to expand intervention coverage, strengthen HIV test and promote condom use among MSM.</p>

Analysis on genotypes of hepatitis C virus among intravenous drug users in Kunming, Yunnan / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Kunming, Yunnan province, in 2014.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 276 plasma samples were collected from IDUs in Kunming during April 2014 -July 2014, in which 199 plasma samples were tested to be HCV antibody positive. For the HCV antibody positive samples, HCV E1E2 genes and NS5B genes were amplified by using nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After sequencing, the HCV subtypes were determined through phylogenetic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Based on the phylogenetic trees of E1E2 gene and NS5B gene fragments, a total of 125 samples were genotyped. 3b was the predominant subtype (48.8%,61/125), followed by 3a (30.4%, 38/125), 6n (14.4%, 18/125), 6a (3.2%, 4/125) and 1b (3.2%, 4/125). The distributions of HCV subtypes by sex, marital status, ethnic group and HIV-1 infection status showed no statistical differences. However, the distribution of HCV subtypes by age showed statistical difference, the diversity of HCV subtypes was found in age group <45 years. The genetic distances of 3a, 3b and 6a on E1E2 and NS5B were larger than those of 1b and 6n. For genotype 3, the genetic distances of 3b on E1E2 and NS5B were larger than those of 3a.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Five HCV subtypes were found among IDUs in Kunming, HCV subtypes 3b and 3a were predominant, which have circulated in this population for long time.</p>

Effects of Shuanghuang Xiaocuo Pills on Contents of IL-8 and TNF-αin Rabbit Acne Models / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To study action mechanism of Shuanghuang Xiaocuo Pills for treatment of rabbit ear acne models. Methods Totally 48 male Japanese white rabbits were divided into blank group, model group, positive medicine group, and Shuanghuang Xiaocuo Pills low, medium, and high dose groups through random number table method. Except for blank group, other groups established rabbit ear acne models. After the models were established, these groups received gavage with relevant medicine, once a day, for 14 days. Then all the rabbit models were under blood sampling. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect contents of IL-8 and TNF-α in serum. Results Compared with blank group, the contents of IL-8 and TNF-αincreased significantly in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with model group, except for Shuanghuang Xiaocuo Pills low dose group, the contents of IL-8 and TNF-αdecreased significantly in other treatment groups (P<0.01). Conclusion Shuanghuang Xiaozuo Pills can treat acne by reducing the contents of IL-8 and TNF-αin serum.

Roles of abnormal lipid metabolism in pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / 临床肝胆病杂志

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) keeps rising worldwide along with the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Although most NAFLD patients present with simple steatosis of hepatocytes, some patients progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and even cancer. In the Western world, NAFLD is the most common cause of elevated liver enzymes, and hence there has been a growing interest in this disease. Given that fat deposition in the liver is the hallmark of NAFLD, we review the roles and the underlying mechanism of disturbed lipid metabolism in the development of NAFLD and suggest that more insights into the pathogenesis of NAFLD will help develop targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Triterpenoids from Stauntonia obovatifoliola Hayata subsp. intermedia stems / 中国中药杂志

In the current study, a total of nineteen triterpenoids (1-19) from 60% EtOH extracts of Stauntonia obovatifoliola Hayata subsp. intermedia stems were separated and purified by solvent extraction and chromatographic methods including silica gel, ODS as well as preparative HPLC. According to the results of chemical reactions and spectral data, compounds were identified as: lupeol (1), betulinonic acid (2), betulinic acid (3), 3-epi-betulinic acid (4), quinatic acid (5), 24-O-acetyl quinatic acid (6), 3-O-α- L-arabinopyranosyl-30-nor-hederagenin-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 4) -β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 6) -β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (7), Stauntoside A (8), kalopanax saponin A (9), kalopanax saponin J (10), Kizuta saponin K10 (11), 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1--> 2) -α-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 6) -β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (12), kalopanax saponin B (13), 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2) -α-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 6) -β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (14), sieboldianoside A (15), septemoside A (16), kalopanax saponin K (17), septemloside I (18), and 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1 --> 2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl- hederagenin (19). Among them, compounds 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, and 16-19 were isolated from the Stauntonia genus for the first time, and compound 6 was a new natural product.

An analysis of high risk behaviors among female sex workers in Yunnan province in 2013 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the high risk behaviors of female sex workers (FSWs) in Yunnan province in 2013.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional investigation was conducted during April to June, 2013 in Yunnan province, census was used to the investigation where the number of FSWs was close to 200, while probability sampling was used where the number of FSWs was obviously over 200. A total of 25 574 cases were investigated, and data on demography and risk behaviors were obtained by questionnaires one by one.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 25 574 cases were investigated, AIDS awareness among FSWs in high-level places, middle-level places and low-level place were 98.8% (92/7 401), 98.6% (150/10 995), and 96.0% (281/6 655). FSWs from low-level place had a lower rate than those from the other two types of places (P < 0.01). The rate of condom use each time when having sex with clients within the recent one month among FESs from high-level places, middle-level places and low-level place were 93.4% (6 307/6 755), 93.8% (10 109/10 782) and 90.4% (6 053/6 697), and the FSWs working in low-level place had a lower rate than those from the other two types of places(P < 0.01). Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that the following had a lower rate of condom use: the FSWs working in low-level place (OR = 1.56, 95% CI:1.36-1.79; OR = 1.36, 1.16-1.59), over 30 years old (OR = 0.77, 95%CI:0.69-0.85), Yunnan citizen (OR = 0.88, 95% CI:0.77-1.00), minority (OR = 1.32, 95% CI:1.16-1.50), under senior high school (OR = 0.61, 95%CI:0.49-0.75), married (OR = 0.81, 95% CI:0.71-0.92), living together (OR = 0.70, 95% CI:0.51-0.96), divorced or lost spouses (OR = 0.81, 95% CI:0.65-1.02), worked less than 6 months in local areas (OR = 1.74, 95% CI:1.34-2.27), drug users (OR = 1.65, 95% CI:1.11-2.46), had not accepted HIV interventions (OR = 2.91, 95% CI:2.36-3.58), had no knowledge about AIDS (OR = 4.50, 95% CI:3.48-5.82). The main reasons for not using condoms were the clients' unwilling to use, which accounted for 47.62% (270/567). The total rate of drug use was 1.0% (264/25 567) and the FSWs working in middle-level places had the highest rate of injecting drugs, which accounted for 0.6% (70/11 141). The FSWs working in low-level places had a higher rate than those who worked in high-level places and middle-level places in venereal diseases, which accounted for 1.2% (85/6 934) (P < 0.01). The rate of receiving effective interventions was 96.7% (24 717/25 574), the rate of accepting treatment and clean needles among drug users was 21.6% (57/264).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High risk behaviors were serious among the FSWs who worked in low-level places, especially among the olders, the minorities, people who had lower educational level, the new-comer and drug users, which indicated that more attention needs to be paid among these populations.</p>

Study on pharmacological ingredients of wuzhuyu tang treating migraine by correlating absorption ingredients in everted intestinal sac and pharmacodynamics / 中国中药杂志

Wuzhuyu Tang is a classical formula for treating migraine, but its' pharmacological ingredients is unclear yet. Present study employed the everted intestinal sac model to collect the absorption samples of 10 kinds of Wuzhuyu decoction, and then analyzed the contents of 9 ingredients in Wuzhuyu Tang and absorption samples quantitatively or semi-quantitatively by HPLC-DAD method. Reserpine was used to establish the mice model of migraine, and then the contents and activities of 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, dopamine, nitric oxide and nitricoxide synthase in brain tissues and serums were determined respectively after oral administration of Wuzhuyu Tang. Using the partial least squares regression method to correlate the total absorption quantity of 9 ingredients and pharmacodynamics. The result shows that limocitrin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1, rutaevine, limonin, evodiamine and rutaecarpine are the main ingredients influenced the effects in absorption samples in everted intestinal sacs, especially ginsenoside Rg1, rutaevine, evodiamine and rutaecarpine among them have obvious improving effects to most pharmacodynamics index, might be the pharmacological ingredients influenced the therapeutical effects of Wuzhuyu Tang treating migraine.

Clinical analysis of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi with different stone branch number / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the impact of staghorn stone branch number on outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2009 to January 2013, the 371 patients with staghorn stones who were referred to our hospital for PNL were considered for this study. All calculi were showed with CT 3-dimentional reconstruction (3-DR) imaging. The computerized database of the patients had been reviewed. Our exclusion criterion was patients with congenital renal anomalies, such as horse-shoe and ectopic kidneys. And borderline stones that branched to one major calyx only were also not included. From 3-DR images, the number of stone branching into minor renal calices was recorded. We made "3" as the branch breakdown between groups. And the patients were divided into four groups. The number of percutaneous tract, operative time, staged PNL, intra-operative blood loss, complications, stone clearance rate, and postoperative hospital day were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 371 patients (386 renal units) underwent PNL successfully, included 144 single-tract PNL, 242 multi-tract PNL, 97 staged PNL. The average operative time was (100 ± 50) minutes; the average intra-operative blood loss was (83 ± 67) ml. The stone clearance rate were 61.7% (3 days) and 79.5% (3 months). The postoperative hospital stay was (6.9 ± 3.4) days. A significantly higher ratio of multi-tract (χ(2) = 212.220, P < 0.01) and staged PNL (χ(2) = 49.679, P < 0.01), longer operative time (F = 4.652, P < 0.01) and postoperative hospital day (F = 2.067, P = 0.043) and lower rate of stone clearance (χ(2) = 10.691 and 47.369, P < 0.05) were found in PNL for calculi with stone branch number ≥ 5. There was no statistically meaningful difference among the 4 groups based on Clavien complication system (P = 0.460).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The possibility of multi-tract and staged PNL, lower rate of stone clearance and longer postoperative hospital day increase for staghorn calculi with stone branch number more than 5.</p>

Effects of limited fluid resuscitation on systemic inflammatory responses in rats with traumatic hemorrhagic shock: a comparison with unlimited fluid resuscitation / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effects of limited fluid resuscitation on systemic inflammatory responses in rats with traumatic hemorrhagic shock through comparing with unlimited fluid resuscitation.Methods Sixty pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 2-3 months,weighing 250-290 g,were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),no fluid resuscitation group (group NF),unlimited fluid resuscitation group (group ULF),limited crystalloid fluid resuscitation group (group LR),and limited colloid fluid resuscitation groups (group LSG and group LHES).Traumatic uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawal of blood from the femoral artery at 2.5 mL/100 g over a 20-minute period,followed by tail amputation at 10 min after the end of blood withdrawal.At 10 min after the end of blood withdrawal,fluid resuscitation was performed.Lactated Ringer's solution (ULF and LR groups),4 ％ succinylated gelatin (group LSG),or 6 ％ hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (group LHES) was infused intravenously.The initial infusion rate was 2 ml · kg-1 · min-1.The target MAP was maintained at 50 mm Hg in rats with limited fluid resuscitation,while at 80 mm Hg in rats with unlimited fluid resuscitation.After 60 min of fluid resuscitation,bleeding in the tail was stopped by ligation and fluid infusion was replaced with blood resuscitation.After 60 min of blood resuscitation,180 main of observation was started.At 10 min after catheterization of the femoral artery and vein (T0),10 min after the end of blood withdrawal (T1),the end of fluid resuscitation (T2),the end of blood resuscitation (T3),and the end of observation (T4),arterial blood samples were collected to measure hematocrit (Hct)and concentrations of plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),interleukin (IL)-6,and IL-10.Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery at T2 for determination of the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in monocytes.The amount of blood loss from the tail and volume of fluid infused were also recorded.Another 120 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =20 each) and resuscitation was performed according to the method previously described.The rats were observed for 72 h survival rate.Results Compared with group S,Hct was significantly decreased,the concentrations of plasma TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-10 and activity of NF-κB were increased,and the expression of TLR4,and MyD88 in monocytes was up-regulated in the other groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group NF,the concentrations of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 and NF-κB activity were significantly increased,and the concentration of plasma IL-10 and Hct were decreased,and the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in monocytes was up-regulated in ULF,LR and LSG groups,and the concentrations of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased,the concentration of plasma IL-10 and Hct were decreased in group LHES (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group ULF,the concentrations of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 and NF-κB activity were significantly decreased,the concentration of plasma IL-10 and Hct were increased,the survival rate was higher,the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in monocytes was down-regulated,and the amount of blood loss from the tail was decreased and the volume of fluid infused was reduced in LSG,LHES and LR groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group LR,the concentrations of plasma TNF-α and IL-6 and NF-κB activity were significantly decreased and the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in monocytes was down-regulated (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the concentration of plasma IL-10 in group LHES (P ＞ 0.05),and the volume of fluid infused was reduced and the survival rate was increased (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the amount of blood loss from the tail in LSG and LH-ES groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Compared with unlimited fluid resuscitation,limited fluid resuscitation exerts less effect on systemic inflammatory responses in rats with traumatic hemorrhagic shock,especially when resuscitation with 6％ hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 is performed,and inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in the mechanism.