Preparation of Rehmanniae Radix Juice for Baihe Dihuangtang Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the four preparation methods of Rehmanniae Radix juice described in ancient literature and find the method that is most suitable for the preparation of Rehmanniae Radix juice used in Baihe Dihuangtang. MethodThe ancient medical books record four methods for preparing Rehmanniae Radix juice： crushing fresh Rehmanniae Radix for juice， steaming fresh Rehmanniae Radix for juice， boiling fresh Rehmanniae Radix for juice， and boiling dry Rehmanniae Radix for juice. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS） was employed to detect the compounds in the four juice samples， followed by principal component analysis （PCA）. Result① Totally 27 compounds were identified in the juice samples， including 10 iridoid glycosides， 14 phenylethanoid glycosides， 2 phenolic acids， and 1 irisone. Among them， 15 common compounds were shared by the four juice samples， including 7 iridoid glycosides， 7 phenylethanoid glycosides， and 1 phenolic acid. ② Five common compounds in the four juice samples can be matched with the reference standards， which were catalpol， aucubin， rehmannioside D， ajugol， and purpureaside C. ③ Verbascoside and isoacteoside were not detected in the juice prepared by crushing fresh Rehmanniae Radix， while it was detected in the other three juice samples， which indicated that the two components were produced after heating rather than being the original components in fresh Rehmanniae Radix. ④ The comparison of the ion fragments demonstrated that verbascoside was produced from purpureaside C after the cleavage of the glycosidic bond and removal of a molecule of mannose. ⑤ Isoacteoside could be isomerized from verbascoside， and its relative content increased with the extension of heating time. However， the relative content of verbascoside and purpureaside C did not decrease significantly. Therefore， it was hypothesized that purpureaside C was produced from its upstream component. ConclusionThe juice prepared by crushing fresh Rehmanniae Radix has the chemical composition significantly different from the juice samples prepared with the other 3 methods， while the latter 3 juice samples had similar chemical composition. Although all the four methods can be used， it is more suitable to prepare Rehmanniae Radix juice by steaming fresh Rehmanniae Radix， boiling fresh Rehmanniae Radix， and boiling dry Rehmanniae Radix.

Lateral genicular artery flap for reconstruction of defects around the knee: a series of 5 cases

The lateral genicular artery flap is a fasciocutaneous flap used for knee reconstruction with low donor site morbidity. It is raised from the lower lateral thigh and is based upon the cutaneous termination of superior lateral genicular artery. This flap showed constant anatomy and is reliable for coverage of defects at superior and lateral portions of the knee and the proximal part of the lower leg. The study period was from January 2016 to June 2017 where we operated on 5 patients, 3 for post-traumatic and 2 were post burn contracture excision. The flap was used as a pedicled fasciocutanous and was based on the superior lateral genicular artery. Five cases underwent lateral genicular artery flap of which 4 were males and 1 was a female. Mean defect size was 12 cm×10 cm. All the donor sites were closed with a split skin graft. One patient had distal necrosis which was managed conservatively. The lateral genicular artery flap is a thin, versatile, reliable and easy to harvest flap for reconstructing defects around the knee, with good cosmetic and functional outcome.

Supraclavicular artery flaps for head and neck reconstruction: a prospective study

Reconstruction of defects of the head and neck remains a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. This is due to the complex anatomy of the region as well as the age and comorbidities of the patients, which prevent the use of free tissue transfer as the primary tool of reconstruction. The supraclavicular artery (SCA) island flap is a well vascularised tissue and provides a thin and pliable skin for cutaneous and mucosal defects of the head and neck region. Here, we had done this flap for eight patients with no major complications and hence, we concur that it is a safe, reliable and versatile reconstructive option for these defects. The study period was from January 2015 to June 2016 where we operated on 8 patients, 5 for post burn contracture neck and 3 for post oncologic resection. The flap was used as a pedicled fascio-cutaneous and was based on the transverse supraclavicular artery. Eight cases underwent supraclavicular artery flap of which 5 were males and 3 females. Mean defect size was 15×10 cm. All the donor sites were closed with a split skin graft. One patient had distal necrosis which was managed with debridement and secondary suturing. The supraclavicular artery flap is a thin, versatile, reliable and easy to harvest flap for reconstructing head and neck defects, with good cosmetic and functional outcome.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery - do our undergraduate medical students have adequate awareness about it? Can we do something to improve their exposure, knowledge and interest in it?

Background: The purpose of this study is to assess the awareness levels about plastic surgery among medical students and to formulate appropriate teaching modules for undergraduate students to introduce and educate them about various plastic surgical procedures.Methods: A questionnaire-based study was done to assess awareness about procedures done under plastic surgery among medical students from second through final year. Collected data were statistically analyzed. The results were used to propose changes in teaching modules to medical students.Results: There is not much awareness about plastic surgery as a specialty amongst medical students. Plastic surgery is mostly perceived as cosmetic surgery, and the other procedures done under plastic surgery is not associated with the speciality by the medical students. Of all the clinical conditions given to the participants, there was not a single clinical condition where the respondents favoured undisputedly for plastic surgeons.Conclusions: Plastic surgery as a specialty is poorly understood by our undergraduate medical students so authors conclude there is lack of awareness, knowledge and disposition about plastic surgical procedures among them. Based on the report’s authors have formulated teaching and practical modules like enrichment courses, value added education, co-curricular activities and introduction to social media platforms related to plastic surgery for creating better awareness and knowledge among undergraduate medical students about plastic surgery.

Hypertrophied reverse palmaris longus muscle: a rare cause of carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is usually secondary to compression or irritation of the median nerve in the fibro-osseous canal formed by the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) and the carpal bones. The prevalence of CTS in the general population is about 7 to 19%. Several causes both local and systemic have been described, but CTS due to aberrant musculature are rare. Here we report a case of a middle-aged female with paresthesia of the hand and a positive Phalen’s test with nerve conduction study of the median nerve showing sensorimotor neuropathy. The patient underwent surgery for open CTS release where we found a hypertrophied reverse palmaris longus muscle attached to the palmar aponeurosis which was excised along with its proximal tendon. On post-operative follow up all the symptoms of CTS were completely resolved. Muscle abnormalities concern three muscles: the palmaris longus, the flexor digitorum superficialis of index, and the lumbricals. These muscles can be hypertrophied, bifid, duplicated, digastric, inverted or have an abnormal insertion, thus creating a mechanical restriction of the carpal tunnel. Surgical resection of abnormal muscle provides excellent functional recovery.

Study on antipyretic effect of rhubarb on rats and its antipyretic ingredients / 中国中药杂志

A combination of LC-MS technology and activity evaluation was used to identify the antipyretic ingredients in rhubarb. The rat model of fever was established with dried yeast and then was administered ethanol extract and different polar fractions of rhubarb. Next, the anal temperature of these rats was measured and recorded at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h after administration, and the inhibition rate of each part on the rise of body temperature was calculated. The inhibition rate is higher and the antipyretic effect is better. The chemical composition of the effective fraction was analyzed with UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS technology. Compared with the model group, the increase of body temperature of ethanol extract group all reduced at each measurement time especially after 3 h, and the inhibition rate were 38.7%(P<0.05), 78.2%(P<0.01) and 72.4%(P<0.01) at 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h after administration, respectively. Both n-butanol and water fraction showed some antipyretic activity in the early stage, with the inhibition rate of 28.1%(P<0.01) and 24.9%(P<0.05) at 1 h after administration, respectively, while other fractions were not active. Thirty-three and twelve compounds were identified from n-butanol and water fraction by LC-MS/MS analysis, respectively, including ten tannins, fifteen anthraquinone glycosides, four anthrone glycosides, one phenolic glycoside, one naphthaline derivative, one anthraquinone and one sucrose. These results revealed that rhubarb had antipyretic activity on rats, and tannin and anthraquinone glycosides were the main active ingredients inside.

Study on quality status of mineral medicine Calamina / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, some quality problems of mineral medicine Calamina and calcined Calamina have been discussed after determination and analysis of the quality parameters of a large number of market samples, and the countermeasures are put forward. According to the XRD results, as well as the results of tests included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition), the authenticity of Calamina and calcined Calamina samples were identified. The content of zinc oxide in samples were determined by the method of determination in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Individually, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS) methods were used for the determination of impurity elements and harmful elements in Calamina and calcined Calamina samples. Four kinds of impurity elements of magnesium(Mg), iron(Fe), aluminum(Al), calcium(Ca) and five harmful elements such as lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd), arsenic(As), copper(Cu), mercury(Hg) were measured. The study showed that: ① Fake Calamina products on the market were overflowing; ② The mineral origin of the mainstream Calamina in the market is inconsistent with that stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition); ③ The contents of harmful elements Pb and Cd in Calamina and calcined Calamina are generally higher, while the contents of harmful elements As and Cu in some inferior Calaminae are higher; ④ Parts of calcined Calamina were improperly or inadequately processed. In view of these quality problems, the countermeasures are put forward as follows: ① It is suggested that hydrozincite should be approved as the mineral source of Calamina, and be included by Chinese Pharmacopoeia; ② Strengthen the research on the specificity of Calamina identification methods to improve the quality control level; ③ Strengthen the research on the processing of Calamina, and formulate the limit standards for the content of Pb and Cd in Calamina; ④ Carry out research on the artificial synthesis of Calamina and calcined Calamina, in order to cope with the current shortage of Calamina resources and ensure the sustainable development of Calamina medicinal materials.

Effects of aging and location on mechanical properties of human dentin / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the variations of elastic modulus and hardness of human dentin with aging and location. Methods The non-carious third molars were collected and divided into youth group, middle-aged group and elderly group. Nanoidentation test was conducted on the dentin specimens from multiple regions to test their mechanical properties. Results The elastic modulus and hardness in outer and middle dentin were greater than those in inner dentin; the elastic modulus and hardness increased with the aging in each region of the dentin. Conclusions The dentin shows a gradient mechanical property. The stiffness and hardness in middle and outer dentin are greater than those in inner dentin. The deformation resistance in middle and outer dentin is stronger than that in inner dentin. Meanwhile, elastic modulus and hardness of the dentin increase with the aging.

Effects of aging and location on mechanical properties of human dentin / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the variations of elastic modulus and hardness of human dentin with aging and location.Methods The non-carious third molars were collected and divided into youth group,middle-aged group and elderly group.Nanoidentation test was conducted on the dentin specimens from multiple regions to test their mechanical properties.Results The elastic modulus and hardness in outer and middle dentin were greater than those in inner dentin;the elastic modulus and hardness increased with the aging in each region of the dentin.Conclusions The dentin shows a gradient mechanical property.The stiffness and hardness in middle and outer dentin are greater than those in inner dentin.The deformation resistance in middle and outer dentin is stronger than that in inner dentin.Meanwhile,elastic modulus and hardness of the dentin increase with the aging.

Morphological and microscopical identification of Genkwa Ramulus and its adulterants / 中国中药杂志

The purpose of this article is to identify Daphne genkwa and its adulterants, Wikstroemia chamaedaphne, according to the morphological and microstructure characteristics of their stem and foliage. The root of D.genkwa was studied simultaneously. The results indicated that the crude drug and processed pieces of Genkwa Ramulus were mainly composed of stems and branches where obvious opposite petiole scars and branch marks were able to be seen on their nodes. Otherwise, foliage or peduncles generally couldn't be found. Moreover, the fine silver flocculent fibers could be observed in the bark of fracture surface. The adulterants were the plant segments which were composed of stems, foliage and peduncles with spikelet-pedicel scars. There existed microstructures differences between Genkwa Ramulus and its adulterants. In the former, single thick lignified phloem fibers were interspersed in the stem phloem of the transverse section with very thick wall and unicellular non-glandular hairs could be observed on the lower epidermis of foliage. Nevertheless, in the latter, there was no thick lignified phloem fibers in cross section of stem phloem, the outer wall of epidermal cells of foliage hadthick cuticles and no non-glandular hairs in lower epidermis of foliage. The results can be used for the identification and the quality standard of the crude drug and processed pieces of D.genkwa.The characteristics of the microstructures and the transverse section can be used to identify the radix D.genkwa.

Simultaneous determination of 12 mycotoxins in Polygoni Multiflori Radix by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS combined with modified QuEChERS / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the cause of liver toxicity induced by Polygoni Multiflori Radix through determining various mycotoxins in it. An UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed and established to simultaneously determine 12 mycotoxins, Aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂, Ochratoxins A and B, Fumonisins B₁ and B₂,T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone, in rawand processed Polygon iMultiflori Radix. The sample was extracted with modified QuEChERS method, and then was separatedon a WelchUltimate XBC₁₈ column by gradient elution using methanol and 2 mmol•L⁻¹ ammonium acetate aqueous solution containing 0.1% acetic acidas mobile phase. The analytes were detected in MRM mode by mass spectrometry and determined by external standard method. This method made a good linearity in the 0.1-200 μg•kg⁻¹ with correlation coefficients of 0.996 3-0.999 9. The average recoveries of 12 mycotoxins at three spiked concentration levels were ranged from 71.19% to 98.68% with relative standard deviations of 1.7%-13%. This method is simple, sensitive, accurate and suitable for the quantification of 12 mycotoxins in Polygoni Multiflori Radix.As a result, 15 batches were found fungus contamination and total 8 kinds of mycotoxins including AFB₁, AFG₂, FB₁, OTB, T-2, HT-2, FB2 and OTA were detected, and their contentswere between 0.51-1 643.2 μg•kg⁻¹. Among these contaminated samples, AFB1 was detected in one batch of processed Polygoni Multiflori Radix with the content of 6.8 μg•kg⁻¹ beyond its limit standard 5 μg•kg⁻¹. Since AFB₁ has clear liver toxicity, we deduced that the mouldy samples may be one of the important causes of Polygoni Multiflori Radix causing liver toxicity.

Exploration research on hepatotoxic constituents from Polygonum multiflorum root / 中国中药杂志

By observing the cytotoxic effects of anthraquinones on HepG2 cell and using the precision-cut liver slices technique to authenticate the cytotoxic constituents, the paper aims to explore the material basis of Polygonum multiflorum root to cause liver toxicity. Firstly, MTT method was used to detect the effect of 11 anthraquinone derivatives on HepG2 cell. Then, the clear cytotoxic ingredients were co-cultured with rat liver slices for 6h respectively, and the liver tissue homogenate was prepared. BCA method was used to determine the content of protein in the homogenate and continuous monitoring method was used to monitor the leakage of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamine amino transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The toxic effect of these ingredients on liver tissue was tested by calculating the leakage rate of the monitored enzymes. As a result, rhein, emodin, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and physcion-8-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside showed cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cell and their IC₅₀ values were 71.07, 125.62, 242.27, 402.32 μmol•L⁻¹ respectively, but the other 7 compounds are less toxic and their IC₅₀ values can not be calculated. The precision-cut liver slices tests showed that rhein group of 400 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration significantly increased the leakage rate of ALT, AST and LDH (P<0.01), and the rhein group of 100 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration only increased the leakage rate of LDH (P<0.05). With the increase of rhein concentration, the protein content in liver slices decreased significantly (P<0.05) with a certain range of does. Emodin group of 400 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration significantly increased the leakage rate of ALT, GGT and LDH (P<0.01). Physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside group of 800 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration also significantly increased the leakage rate of ALT, AST and LDH (P<0.01 or P<0.05), but the group of 200 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration only significantly increased the LDH leakage (P<0.05). Along with the increase of the concentration of physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, the leakage rate of ALT, AST and LDH showed a trend of increase, but the protein content in liver slices was in decline. Furthermore, MTT reduction ability of liver slices significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside group of 800 μmol•L⁻¹ concentration. The results suggested that rhein, emodin and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside at high concentrations (≥400 μmol•L⁻¹) can produce some damage to the liver tissue. However, the exposure levels of these constituents are very low, so to reach the toxic concentration (400 μmol•L⁻¹ or 800 μmol•L⁻¹) an adult of 65 kg body weight will need at least a single oral 4 898 g, 339 g and 5 581 g of P.multiflorum root respectively, which is far from the statutory dose of crude P. multiflorum root (3-6 g) or its processed product (6-12 g). Therefore, the conclusion that anthraquinones are the prime constituents of the hepatotoxicity of P. multiflorum root are still not be proved.

Effects of adhesives aging in water on load-bearing capacity of monolithic CAD/CAM lithium disilicate crowns / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze the contact failure of monolithic lithium disilicate CAD/CAM crowns by experiment and numerical simulation, and explore the influences of adhesives aging in water on load-bearing capacity of the crowns. Methods The specimens of sectioned monolithic lithium disilicate crowns were designed and manufactured, and evenly divided into two groups and stored in the air and in the distilled water for 30 days, respectively. The specimens were then subjected to monotonic contact loads to compare and analyze their load-bearing capacity. The fractured surfaces and adhesive interfaces of the specimens were observed by scanning electronic microscope. Meanwhile, the stress distribution on the crowns was calculated by numerical simulation to analyze the adhesives aging influence on load-bearing capacity of the crowns. Results The fracture loads on crowns stored in the air and in the water were (561.51 ± 65.66) N and (398.09 ± 90.20) N, respectively, indicating a significant difference. The tensile stress increased considerably at lower surface of the ceramic crown due to the reduction of adhesive strength at the interface of ceramic crown and substrate, which could increase the propensity of contact failure. Conclusions The adhesives aging in water reduces the bonding strength, and accordingly changes the tensile stress distributions, which can lower the load bearing capacity of the lithium disilicate crowns. The research finding provides references for the design and manufacturing of all-ceramic CAD/CAM restored crowns in clinic.

Influence of cyclic loading on the fracture toughness and load bearing capacities of all-ceramic crowns / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

The purpose of this study was to investigate how cyclic loading influenced the fracture toughness of hot-press lithium disilicate and zirconia core materials and whether there was an increase in the propensity for crown failure. Two types of all-ceramic crowns including the IPS e.max Press system (n=24) and the Lava zirconia system (n=24), were selected. Sectioned specimens were subjected to cyclic loading with the maximum magnitude of 200 N (R=0.1) until two million cycles. The material properties including Young's modulus (E) and hardness (H) and the fracture toughness (KIC) of the core materials were evaluated using indentation methods (n=12 each). The load-bearing capacities of the specimens were examined by means of monotonic load to fracture (n=12 each). It was found that the material properties, including E, H and KIC, of the two types of dental ceramics, were reduced. Statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant influences of fatigue loading on material properties E and H for both types of dental ceramics or KIC for zirconia, while for the IPS e.max Press core, KIC, which was parallel to the direction of the lithium disilicate crystals, was significantly reduced (P=0.001). A conclusion was drawn that zirconia possesses high mechanical reliability and sustainable capacity to resist fatigue loading, while fatigue loading remarkably degraded the anisotropic mechanical behaviour of hot-press lithium disilicate ceramics.

Rapid extraction of DNA from Chinese medicinal products by alkaline lysis / 中国中药杂志

The study is aimed to explore a rapid method to extract DNA from fried Chinese medicinal products. The alkaline lysis buffer was made of sodium hydroxide, 1% PVP and 1% TritonX-100 and Tris-HCl solution was neutralized, through heat cracking and neutralization two step to extract DNA from processed and prepared products of traditional Chinese medicine. Then universal primes were used to amplify PCR products for fired Chinese medicinal materials. The results indicated the optimized alkaline lysis method for extracting DNA is quick and easy. Extracting of the different processed Sophora japonica of DNA concentration was (420.61 ± 123.91) g x L(-1). Using 5% Chelex-100 resin purification can improve the DNA concentration. Our results showed that the optimized alkaline lysis method is suitable for Chinese medicinal materials for quickly DNA extraction.

Clinical and genetic study of Wilson's disease in affected twins and siblings / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical and genetic characteristics of twins and siblings affected with Wilson's disease (WD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data and blood samples were collected from the subjects after informed consent was obtained. Genomic DNA was extracted and potential mutations in the exons in ATP7B gene were detected with PCR-DNA sequencing. Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping was performed to determine the zygosity of the twins.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 5 pairs of twins have all met the diagnostic criteria for WD. STR genotyping has confirmed that 4 pairs were monozygotic twins. 3 pairs of twins had an onset with liver symptoms, the other 2 had an onset with brain symptoms. ATP7B gene mutations were detected in 4 pairs of twins, which have all located in exons 8 and 13. A heterozygous p.R778W mutation in exon 8 and homozygous p.P992L mutation in exon 13 were detected in all patients from one family, whose parents have carried a heterozygous p.R778W mutation and p.P992L heterozygous mutation, respectively, which suggested loss of heterozygosity (LOH). In one family, no mutation was detected in all exons of the ATP7B gene in the patients and their parents. For a triplet, one female was with definite WD and brain symptoms at the onset, one male had subclinical type with WD, whilst another female was completely normal. The triplets and their mother have all carried a p.P992L heterozygous mutation .</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Above results have confirmed an important role for genetic factors in the pathogenesis of WD. In addition to point mutations, LOH is also involved in the pathogenesis for WD.</p>

Comparison of compressive strength and fracture mode between four kinds of CAD/CAM zirconia / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze the compressive strength and fracture mode between four kinds of dental zirconia CAD/CAM ceramic materials by Hertzian contact test. Methods Four CAD/CAM ceramic materials including Cercon smart, Lava, Porcera, and CEREC 3 were selected. Six zirconia sectioned flat specimens were prepared in each group. The critical load and fracture load as well as the fracture mode for each specimen were analyzed with digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Results It was found that cracks were initiated at the middle level of the veneer below the contact zone and propagating along an arc curve into the core/veneer interface, which eventually caused the debonding of the core/veneer layers. For the four ceramic systems, there were no significant differences in the critical load（P＞0.05）, while there were significant differences in the fracture load（P＜0.05）. Conclusions The compressive strength of the four zirconia CAD/CAM ceramic materials could substantially meet the clinic requirement for oral functions regarding the maximum occlusal load. Crack initiation and complete fracture only occurred in the veneer, which indicated that the strength of the veneer should be further reinforced.

Cloning and expression of N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid aldolase in Escherichia coli / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To obtain the Escherichia coli strains expressing N-Acetyl-D-neuraminic acid aldolase (Neu5Ac aldolase).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The gene (nanA) coding Neu5Ac aldolase was cloned from Escherichia coli C600, and the recombinant plasmid was sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sequencing data revealed that the open reading frame was 894 bp and predicted to encode a protein consisting of 298 amino acids. The patterns of SDS-PAGE showed that the purified enzyme protein as a single protein band with a molecular weight of 33 kD, which was consistent with those reported in the reference. In the recombinant plasmid pRY1, the expression of nanA gene was controlled by the lac promoter with the induction of IPTG or lactose. The plasmid pRY3 was constructed, in which the nanA gene ws controlled by the tac promoter. The protein of Neu5Ac aldolase was constitutively expressed using the recombinant strain, E.coli DH5 alpha/pRY3 without induction of IPTG or lactose. The crystal was finally obtained with the efficiency of 90.2% of Neu5Ac. The HPLC indicated that the Neu5Ac crystal prepared in this experiment was same as Simga product.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The protein products expressed by two recombinant strains E.coli BL21(DE3)/pRY1 and DH5 alpha/pRY3 has the characteristics of Neu5Ac.</p>

Studies on chemical constituents in Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the chemical constituents in Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Silica gel column chromatography was used to separate and purify the chemical constituents. The structures were elucidated by spectral analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Six compounds were isolated from Flos Sophorae Carbionisatus, and their structures were elucidated as maltol (1), 3-hydroxypyridine (2), malto-3-O-[6'-O-(4"-hydroxy-tans-cinnamoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl] sophoradiol ethyl ester (4), 3-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl] sophoradiol methyl ester (5), rutin (6).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>4 is a new compound, and 1,2,3,5 were first reported from Flos Sophorae Carbonisatus.</p>

Study on the history of the processing of flos sophorae / 中国中药杂志

By collecting and analyzing the information of the processing of Flos Sophorae in ancient and recent literatures, we discovered that such methods as steaming, boiling, stir-frying and baking had been used before Qing Dynasty. There were more than 10 kinds of different decoction pieces due to different subsidiary agents and distinction of processing degree. In modern times, besides stir-frying with vinegar used in Jilin, stir-flying with honey used in Henan and Shandong, being crude, yellowing by stir-frying and carbonizing by stir-frying are used in other places. This research has provided useful information for the modern processing study by summarizing the previous experiences earnestly.