Menstrual Hygiene: A Study Among Rural Adolescent Girls In Katihar.

BACKGROUND: Menstruation is an important milestone event in a girl's life with the beginning of reproductive life. Still, menstruation and menstrual practices are clouded by taboos and socio-cultural restrictions, particularly in rural areas leading to ignorance of adolescent girls regarding menstrual hygiene practices and its scientific facts. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:1. To find out status of menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls. 2.To find out association between different socio-demographic factors and menstrual hygiene. MATERIALANDMETHOD:Across sectional study was conducted between March 2017 to September 2017 among 400 adolescent girls (10-19 years) of rural area of Katihar. Data were collected from 273 girls, who have achieved menarche, on a pre tested and pre designed questionnaire after taking parental consent and was analysed using MS Excel and Epi info 7. RESULT:Menarche was found to be achieved by the girls in age group 10-16 years, mostly in the age group 12-13 years (69.59%). Among 273 respondents, 82(30.04%) girls were aware about menstruation prior to menarche and the source of information was mostly sister (54.95%) followed by friends (19.05%) and mothers (15.75%). In my study, only 31 (11.36%) girls used sanitary pads during menstruation. Majority of them (95.24%) were using soap and water to clean external genitalia while more than half of girls (69.60%) did not possess a covered toilet. Menstrual hygiene was taken care mostly by those girls, whose mothers were literate (77.42%). Around 260 (95.23%) of the participants followed one or the other cultural restrictions and majority (76.15%) were avoiding religious functions. CONCLUSION:In our study, hygiene during menstruation is not satisfactory hence there is a need to educate the adolescent girls about healthy and hygienic practices during menstruation to prevent the reproductive tract infections.

Adiposity amongst boys and girls of Mingora city, swat

The dramatic increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its resultant comorbidities are associated with significant health and financial burdens, warranting strong and comprehensive prevention efforts. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the prevalence of obesity in the adolescent boys and girls in Mingora city, district Swat. Both boys and girls of age between 10-20 years. Two hundred subjects, 100 boys and 100 girls of age included in the study. Using BMI as obesity index, prevalence of obesity in boys was compared with that in girls. The antoropometric and cardiovascular parameters of obese group were also compared with control group. The prevalence of obesity in adolescent boys was 6.7% and 8.35% in adolescent girls. Obese subjects had significantly higher weight, body mass index, and blood pressure values, compared to control group. prevalence of obesity was higher in female subjects

Single flexible postprandial plasma glucose test as a new screening modality for diabetes mellitus

The study was aimed at assessing the adequacy of single flexible potprandial plasma glucose [FPPPG] test with time of sampling between 30-120 min after breakfast/meal as a screening test for diabetes mellitus and IGT. Cross sectional study. Study was carried out in the Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology at Armed Forces institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi from January to November 1995. Eighty eight consecutive patients referred to AFIP for oral glucose tolerance test were included. The ages of patients ranged from 30-65 y. In the first step, on day 1 oral glucose tolerance test and in the second step, on day 2 flexible time based postprandial plasma glucose [FPPPG] 30-120 min after breakfast/snack/meal were performed. 12 patients did not turn up on day 2 for FPPPG test. In this study we performed FPPPG test on 76 patients as a screening test, with a cutoff point of 7.0 mmol/l. The study revealed that all 22 diabetic patients [100%] had levels above the limit whereas, 15 [83.3%] out of 19 patients of IGT had levels above cutoff level. On the other hand out of 35 healthy subjects only 2 [5.71%] had values above the limit. This study proposes a new screening test [FPPPG] for diabetes mellitus and IGT, which has a sensitivity of [100%], specificity of [66.7%] and positive predictive value of [55%]

Pattern of dyslipidemia in adult diabetic subjects in the community hospital of district Swat

The incidence of diabetes is growing at dramatic rates around the word and its complications are associated with significant health and financial burdens, warranting strong and comprehensive prevention efforts. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of dyslipidemia in the adult diabetic patients in Saidu Teaching Hospital, Saidu Sharif, Swat. The study comprised of 100 subjects, 50 subjects with diabetes and 50 [non-diabetic] controls. The serum Cholesterol, Triglycerides, High-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol [HDL-C] and Low-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol [LDL-C], blood sugar [random and fasting], blood pressure [systolic and diastolic] of Diabetic subjects were compared with Control subjects. Diabetic subjects had high mean value of Triglycerides and LDL-C [but statistically nonsignificant], low level of HDL-C [statistically highly significant] and high blood pressure as compared to Control subjects. Dyslipidemia is a potent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients

Relationship of heart rate with hypertension in adult population of Mingora city, District Swat

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of heart rate with hypertension in adult population of Mingora city, district Swat. The study comprised of 100 subjects, 34 control, 33 obese and 33 hypertensive. Weight, height, body mass index, heart rate, and blood pressure of hypertensive subjects were compared with obese subjects and control subjects. Hypertensive subjects had faster heart rate than obese normotensive subjects, which in turn had higher value than control subjects. Faster resting heart rate is a potent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

Current spectrum of generalised peritonitis

One hundred twenty one consecutive cases of Generalised peritonitis under two General Surgical Units were studied retrospectively The aetiology and outcome were documented to know the spectrum and compared with other reported series. The most common cause was typhoid perforations of which there were thirty five cases. The second common cause was perforated Appendicitis of which there were twenty eight cases. The third largest group of peritonitis was due to Gangrene of Gut of which there were 18 cases. The 4th most common cause was duodenal ulcer perforation of which there were sixteen cases. The miscellaneous group consisted of twenty four cases. Over-all mortality was 18%. It is notable that only two deaths occurred in patient with peritonitis associated with Appendicitis. There were 73 male and 48 female patients. The death ratio male to female was 2:1 [14 male and 7 female]

Adreno-genital syndrome in an adult women [a case report]

This is a case report of Adreno-Genital Syndrome in an adult women. In adult women the cause may be hyperplasia or a tumour. The only clinical features were hirsutism and enlargement of clitoris. The laboratory tests were done confirm these changes, I.V.P. recognized the site and side of tumor which was removed surgically. There was an unnecessary delay in the treatment of this case which affected her prognosis. The tumors can be malignant, but in this case it was benign. When hirsutism occurs and it is accompanied by virilism, it should be investigated[4]

Actinomycosis and actinomycetoma

Case reports of six cases of actinomycosis and actinomycetoma, treated at district Headquater Hospital, Abbottbad during 1984-85 are presented. Clinical feature and mode of treatment has been discussed