Impact of environmental temperatures on resistance to organophosphate insecticides in Aedes aegypti from Trinidad / Repercusión de las temperaturas ambientales sobre la resistencia de Aedes aegypti a los insecticidas organofosforados en Trinidad

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of increasing larval rearing temperatures on the resistance status of Trinidadian populations of Aedes aegypti to organophosphate (OP) insecticides. METHODS: In 2007-2008, bioassays and biochemical assays were conducted on A. aegypti larvae collected in 2006 from eight geographically distinct areas in Trinidad (Trinidad and Tobago). Larval populations were reared at four temperatures (28 ± 2ºC, 32ºC, 34ºC, and 36ºC) prior to bioassays with OP insecticides (fenthion, malathion, and temephos) and biochemical assays for esterase enzymes. RESULTS: Most larval populations reared at 28 ± 2ºC were susceptible to fenthion (>98% mortality) but resistant to malathion and temephos (< 80% mortality). A positive association was found between resistance to OP insecticides and increased activities of α- and β-esterases in larval populations reared at 28 ± 2ºC. Although larval populations reared at higher temperatures showed variations in resistance to OPs, there was a general increase in susceptibility. However, increases or decreases in activity levels of enzymes did not always correspond with an increase or decrease in the proportion of resistant individuals reared at higher temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: Although global warming may cause an increase in dengue transmission, based on the current results, the use of insecticides for dengue prevention and control may yet be effective if temperatures increase as projected.

OBJETIVO: Examinar los efectos del aumento de las temperaturas de desarrollo larvario sobre el estado de resistencia a los insecticidas organofosforados de las poblaciones de Aedes aegypti en Trinidad. MÉTODOS: En 2007 y 2008 se llevaron a cabo ensayos biológicos y bioquímicos en larvas de A. aegypti recogidas en el 2006 de ocho áreas geográficamente separadas en Trinidad (Trinidad y Tabago). Las poblaciones larvarias se desarrollaron en cuatro temperaturas (28 ± 2 ºC, 32 ºC, 34 ºC y 36 ºC) antes de los ensayos biológicos con insecticidas organofosforados (fentión, malatión y temefós) y los análisis bioquímicos para las enzimas de esterasa. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de las poblaciones larvarias que se desarrollaron a 28 ± 2 ºC fueron susceptibles al fentión (mortalidad > 98%) pero resistentes al malatión y al temefós (mortalidad < 80%). Se encontró una asociación positiva entre la resistencia a los insecticidas organofosforados y la mayor actividad de αy β-esterasas en las poblaciones larvarias que se desarrollaron a 28 ± 2 ºC. Aunque las poblaciones larvarias que se desarrollaron a temperaturas mayores mostraron variaciones en la resistencia a los organofosforados, hubo un aumento general de la sensibilidad. Sin embargo, los aumentos o las disminuciones en los niveles de actividad de las enzimas no siempre se correspondieron con un aumento o disminución en la proporción de individuos resistentes desarrollados a las temperaturas más altas. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque el recalentamiento del planeta puede causar un aumento de la transmisión del dengue, según los resultados de este estudio el uso de insecticidas para la prevención y el control del dengue todavía puede ser eficaz si las temperaturas aumentan según lo proyectado.

Lymphatic filariasis in the Caribbean region: the opportunity for its elimination and certification / sivo para la eliminación de la FL. La prevalencia del antígeno circulante de Wuchereria bancrofti en los escolares osciló entre 1,7 y 33,2% en Guyana; en Suriname la prevalencia global fue de 0,22% y en Trinidad de 0,0%. En los adultos de dos comunidades de Guyana las cifras de prevalencia fueron de 16,7 y 32,1%. Los resultados de la prueba fueron negativos en los 211 adultos de comunidades del norte, centro y sur de Trinidad, así como en los 29 adultos de Suriname. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, al contrario de lo que afirman los informes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sobre la endemicidad de la FL, la enfermedad parece haber desaparecido en Trinidad y tener una prevalencia muy baja en Suriname. Trinidad y Tabago y otros países del Caribe en los que se demuestre la ausencia de la enfermedad podrían obtener un certificado de eliminación de la FL. En Suriname, la pequeña y localizada bolsa de personas infectadas que actuarían como reservorio podrían ser investigadas y tratadas con el fin de conseguir la eliminación de la enfermedad. Los países donde todavía hay FL, como Guyana, podrían acceder a los nuevos recursos internacionales como parte de los esfuerzos para la eliminación de la FL. Un programa de certificación adecuado ayudaría a identificar cuáles son los países que deberían buscar estos nuevos recursos para la eliminación de la LF. RESUMEN F

In order to support the case for a certification of elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in some Caribbean countries, we compared the prevalence of circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen in communities in Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad. For the study, we assayed school children in six communities in Guyana, five communities in Suriname, and three communities in Trinidad for the prevalence of circulating W. bancrofti antigen, using a new immunochromatographic test for LF. We also assayed adults in these three countries, with a special focus on Blanchisseuse, Trinidad, where mass treatment for LF elimination had been carried out in 1981. The prevalences of W. bancrofti circulating antigen found in the school children populations ranged from 1.7 to 33.2 in Guyana and were 0.22 overall in Suriname and 0.0 in Trinidad. Among adults in two Guyana communities the prevalences were 16.7 and 32.1. The results were all negative from 211 adults in communities in the north, center, and south of Trinidad, as well as from 29 adults in Suriname. The data suggest that contrary to reports of LF endemicity from the World Health Organization, LF may no longer be present in Trinidad and may be of very low prevalence in Suriname. Trinidad and Tobago and other Caribbean nations proven negative could seek to be awarded a certificate of LF elimination. In Suriname the small localized pocket of infected persons who may serve as a reservoir of LF infection could be tested and appropriately treated to achieve LF elimination. Such LF-positive countries as Guyana should access new international resources being made available for LF elimination efforts. An adequate certification program would help identify which countries should seek the new LF elimination resources

Con el fin de documentar la posibilidad de certificar la eliminación de la filariasis linfática (FL) en algunos países del Caribe, hemos comparado la prevalencia del antígeno circulante de Wuchereria bancrofti en comunidades de Guyana, de Suriname y de la isla de Trinidad. Para ello, utilizamos una nueva prueba inmunocromatográfica de FL en escolares de seis comunidades de Guyana, cinco de Suriname y tres de la isla de Trinidad. También estudiamos adultos de los tres países, centrándonos especialmente en Blanchisseuse, Trinidad, donde en 1981 se llevó a cabo un tratamiento masivo para la eliminación de la FL. La prevalencia del antígeno circulante de Wuchereria bancrofti en los escolares osciló entre 1,7 y 33,2% en Guyana; en Suriname la prevalencia global fue de 0,22% y en Trinidad de 0,0%. En los adultos de dos comunidades de Guyana las cifras de prevalencia fueron de 16,7 y 32,1%. Los resultados de la prueba fueron negativos en los 211 adultos de comunidades del norte, centro y sur de Trinidad, así como en los 29 adultos de Suriname. Los resultados obtenidos indican que, al contrario de lo que afirman los informes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sobre la endemicidad de la FL, la enfermedad parece haber desaparecido en Trinidad y tener una prevalencia muy baja en Suriname. Trinidad y Tabago y otros países del Caribe en los que se demuestre la ausencia de la enfermedad podrían obtener un certificado de eliminación de la FL. En Suriname, la pequeña y localizada bolsa de personas infectadas que actuarían como reservorio podrían ser investigadas y tratadas con el fin de conseguir la eliminación de la enfermedad. Los países donde todavía hay FL, como Guyana, podrían acceder a los nuevos recursos internacionales como parte de los esfuerzos para la eliminación de la FL. Un programa de certificación adecuado ayudaría a identificar cuáles son los países que deberían buscar estos nuevos recursos para la eliminación de la LF.

Spatial distribution of insecticide resistance in Caribbean populations of Aedes aegypti and its significance / Distribución espacial e importancia de la resistencia a insecticidas de poblaciones de Aedes aegypti en el Caribe

To monitor resistance to insecticides, bioassays were performed on 102 strains of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L) from 16 countries ranging from Suriname in South America and through the chain of Caribbean Islands to the Bahamas, where the larvicide temephos and the adulticide malathion have been in use for 15 to 30 years. There was wide variation in the sensitivity to the larvicide in mosquito populations within and among countries. Mosquito strains in some countries such as Antigua, St.Lucia, and Tortola had consistently high resistance ratios (RR) to temephos, ranging from 5.3 to 17.7. In another group of countries- e.g., Anguilla and Curaçao - mosquitos had mixed levels of resistance to temephos (RR = 2.5-10.6), and in a third group of countries, including St.Kitts, Barbados, Jamaica, and Suriname, mosquitoes had consistently low levels of resistance to temephos (RR = 1-4.6) (P 0.05). On occasion significantly different levels of resistance were recorded from neighboring A. aegypti communities, which suggests there is little genetic exchange among populations. The impact of larval resistance expressed itself as reduced efficacy of temephos to kill mosquitoes when strains were treated in the laboratory or in the field in large container environments with recommended dosages. Although a sensitive strain continued to be completely controlled for up to 7 weeks, the most resistant strains had 24 percentage survival after the first week. By week 6,60 percentage to 75 percentage of all resistant strains of larvae were surviving the larval period. Responses to malathion in adult A. aegypti varied from a sensitive population in Suriname (RR = 1.3) to resistant strains in St.Vincent (RR = 4.4), Dominica (RR = 4.2), and Trinidad (RR = 4.0); however, resistance was generally not on the scale of that observed to temephos in the larval stages and had increased only slightly when compared to the levels that existed 3 to 4 years ago. Suggestions are made for a pesticide usage policy for the Caribbean region, with modifications for individual countries. This would be formulated based on each country's insecticide-resistance profile. Use of physical and biological control strategies would play a more critical role than the use of insecticides

Microscopical and serological diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti

Venous blood from 292 patients attending a Filaria Clinic in Georgetown, Guyana, was assayed by ELISA for IgG and IgM antibodies and by Indirect Haemagglutination Antibody Assay (IHA) against filaria parasites. They were also assayed by microscopic methods before and after concentration procedures for microfilaraemia. Of the 41 blood samples microscopically positive for Wuchereria bancrofti microfilfariae, 87.8//(ELISA IgG), 65.9//(ELISA IgM) and 73.2//(IHA) occurred in samples with subdiagnostic serological threshold titres of<1:32 (IgG and IgM) and <1:128(IHA). But indicators of value based on the standards of the presence of chronic and acute symptoms, the IgG and IgM diagnostic data gave 79.9//sensitivity, 96.4//specificity, 97.1//positive predictable value and 44.3//negative predictive value. A membrane filtration system (92.7//) was slightly better than a centrifugation technique (90.2//), but more efficient than a thick smear preparation (75.6//) for the detection of microfilariae. The filtration system was vastly superior for yields of microfilariae. However, the Knott's concentration (sedimentation) was the most economical in terms of technical time and materials. Most microscopically confirmed filaria cases were in the 20 - 29-year age group (25//), followed by the broad 30--69-year age groups (10-12//). Males were significantly more commonly affected by the ratio 24.2:6.0. It is recommended that skills and materials for concentration of microfilariae from peripheral blood be maintained in all Caribbean countries. In known filaria endemic countries, it is recommended that the serological tool be used as an aid in diagnosis for patients with acute and chronic symptoms

Evaluation of methods for the laboratory diagnosis of malaria in Guyana

When 297 blood samples taken from patients attending a fever clinic in Georgetowm Public Hospital were examined microscopically, after thick and thin blood films had been stained with Giemsa, one hundred and forty-two (47.8 per cent ) were microscopically positive for malaria. After processing the patients' serum samples by the Indirect Fluourescent Antibody (IFA) technique, specific IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 239 (81.3 per cent ) and 179 (60.1 per cent ), respectively, of the sera. Based on the microscopical findings, the IFAT gave positive and negative values of 54.4 per cent and 81.8 per cent (IgG), and 57.5 per cent and 67.8 per cent (IgM), suggesting that the IgM would be more useful than the IgG in the diagnosis of current malaria. An odds ratio analysis showed that the presence of symptoms, IgG or IgM antibodies, as well as visits to endemic regions, could be good indicators of current malaria. Age and occupation are not. The microscopical method will continue to be the gold standard - the best available criterion for the validation of our tests - for our diagnosis of acute malaria.

Significant changes in gastrointestinal tract parasitic infections in children of St. Kitts over the 9-year period 1982-1991

When 239 (1982) and 361 (1991) five-year and nine-year-old children in St. Kitts were assessed for the presence of parasitic infections, there were significant reductions in the prevalence of trichuriasis from 83 per cent to 58 per cent , of ascariasis from 24 per cent to 8.6 per cent and of giardiasis from 15 per cent to 9 per cent . Anthelminthic use, which appeared to be the most important responsible intervention tool, remained roughly at the same level at 59-51 per cent . However, the types of anthelminthics used changed over the period. Piperazine citrate, which was used by 66 per cent in 1982, only had 35 per cent usuage in 1991. Albendazole which was not used at all in 1982 was taken by 32 per cent of the children in 1991 and at the same time the use of laevo-tetramisole increased by 20 per cent from 14 per cent . Suggestions are made for an island-wide mass intervention programme to manage parasitic infections.

Sylvatic yellow fever activity in Trinidad 1988-1989

Of a total of 18,068 mosquitoes (361 pools) collected in south-eastern Trinidad forests from December, 1988 to May, 1989, 47 species belonging to 14 genera were identified. Five yellow fever virus isolates were made from Haemagogus janthinomys and one from Sabethes chloropterus. All the other pools of mosquitoes examined were negative for the virus. The mosquito isolates were made in December and January. In addition, in late February and early March, two infected howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.) were detected. Since March, despite continued surveillance, no yellow fever virus has been detected in mosquitoes or monkeys. There has been no reported human infection.

Yellow fever studies in Trinidad, 1988-1989: attempts to demonstrate Transovarial Transmission of yellow fever virus in Haemagogus mosquitoes collected in nature

Subsequent to an epizootic of yellow fever (YF) in monkeys and the isolation of yellow fever (YF) virus from sylvatic mosquitoes in December, 1988 and January, 1989 in south-east Trinidad, ovitrapping for mosquito eggs was started in January, 1989, in an attempt to demonstrate transovarial transmission of the virus. Multi-paddle ovitraps were used. From a total of 52,632 eggs collected in various parts of the country, the following species of mosquitoes were reared: Haemagogus janthinomys (54 per cent ), Hg. leucocelaenus (32 per cent ), Aedes insolitus (12 per cent ), Hg. equinus (1 per cent ). When mosquito eggs were removed from the hard board paddles then vacuum-treated for hatching, the process proved very economical in storage space. Most eggs were obtained at the start of the wet season, four to five months after the isolation yellow fever virus from wild caught adult mosquitoes and monkey carcasses. When adult mosquitoes reared from eggs were processed for yellow fever virus, no virus was detected from any of the mosquito pools to indicate that transovarial transmission had occurred.