IMPACT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CERVICAL CANCER THERAPEUTIC APPROCHES

Cervical cancer (CC) is acknowledged as the most ubiquitous carcinoma among females along with the utmost prevalence in developing nations. The major cause of CC is HPV exposure, especially HPV16 and 18. Inflammation is linked to the carcinogenesis of CC in addition to HPV infection. Although the precise cause of CC is yet unknown, using oral contraceptives, being immunosuppressed, and smoking may enhance the risk of the disease. Oxidative stress (OS), in addition to HPV, is linked to cervical cancer. Across several clinical and preclinical research, the dysfunctional redox system and the impact of oxidative stress throughout the aetiology of CC have been examined. Redox homeostasis must therefore be maintained, which calls for both enzymatic and nonenzymatic redox regulators. In this study, we explored the therapeutic strategies used to preserve redox balance, lower cervical cancer mortality, and illustrate the contribution of oxidative stress in the aetiology of the disease

PROSTATE CANCER AND DIABETES BIOLOGY OR DETECTION BIAS

Prostate cancer and diabetes are the two highly prevalent health problems in men worldwide and have a high mortality rates but their association is quite complex and contradictory. This review reported several population based studies which tried to establish a possible association and explains the mechanism by which diabetes exhibits its effect on prostate cancer progression. It also explores the literature around the expression of various receptors and genes which enlightens the possible molecular basis of association and the effect of current antidiabetic drugs like metformin and insulin on the growth and advancement of prostate cancer in diabetic men. Masking of early tumor detection by diabetes might be the possible explanation for the reported inverse association with worse prognosis and shorter survival rate in diabetic prostate cancer patients.

ROLE OF REAL TIME PCR (RT-PCR) IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS FOR COVID-19 REVIEW

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) has compelled scientists to create highly reliable diagnostic tools quickly in order to successfully and properly diagnose this pathology and thereby prevent infection transmission. Even though structural and molecular properties of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) were previously unknown, private research institutes and biomedical firms quickly developed numerous diagnostic procedures beneficial for making a correct detection of COVID19. Rapid antigen or antibody testing, immunoenzymatic serological tests, and RT-PCR based molecular assays are the most frequently used and validated procedures now available. The PCR has grown in popularity in molecular diagnostics to the point where it is still considered the gold standard for finding nucleotides from a variety of sources becoming an indispensable tool in the research lab. Because of its improved speed, sensitivity, reproducibility, and lower likelihood of carry-over contamination, real-time PCR has gained greater popularity. Currently, five different chemistries are employed to detect PCR product during real-time PCR. The self- fluorescing amplicons, DNA binding fluorophores, 5? endonuclease, neighbouring linear and hairpin oligoprobes, and self-fluorescing amplicons are all detailed in depth. We also go through the problems that have hampered the development of multiplex real-time PCR and the importance of real-time PCR in nucleic acid quantification.

ROLE OF DNA REPAIR IN AGING AND MALIGNANCY

DNA repair enzymes are proteins that detect and repair physical damage to DNA induced by radiation, ultraviolet light, or reactive oxygen species. The repair of DNA damage prevents the loss of genetic information, the creation of double-strand breaks, and the formation of DNA crosslinks. The time-dependent reduction of functional properties is known as aging. Mitochondrial malfunction and the buildup of genetic damage are two common factors of aging. In fact, the poor maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is likely a major factor in aging. When the DNA repair machinery isn't operating fine, DNA lesions and mutations can occur, which can lead to cancer development. In fact, the poor maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA is likely a major factor in aging. When the DNA repair enzymes isn't operating fine, DNA lesions and mutations can occur, which can lead to cancer development. The large number of alterations per cell, which can reach 105, has been identified as a driving mechanism in oncogenesis. These findings show that abnormalities in the DNA repair pathway contribute to the senescence as well as cancer. Nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), double-strand break repair, mismatch repair (MMR), are all major DNA repair processes in mammalian cells. BER excises mostly oxidative and alkylation DNA damage, NER removes bulky, helix-distorting lesions from DNA (e.g., ultraviolet (UV) photodimers), MMR corrects replication errors

RISK OF MUCORMYCOSIS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS: A REVIEW

India is trying to maintain stability in the current circumstances; another immediate threat has developed in the shape of coronavirus disease- associated mucormycosis. Mucormycosis is uncommon but lethal disease, caused by a group of molds known as mucormycetes. If not treated properly, an infection might be fatal. The most ordinary risk factor is diabetes mellitus, followed by hematological malignancies. Patients with postpulmonary tuberculosis and persistent renal diseases are further probable to extend mucormycosis in India. Trauma increases the risk of cutaneous mucormycosis. Despite a rise in illness awareness among treating physicians, disease-related morbidity and mortality remain high, as patients seek medical attention late in the disease process and medication is expensive. Despite the fact that it has been present since the beginning of the pandemic, the cause of this fungal infection remains unknown. In this review we aimed to summarize about mucormycosis and its epidemiology, pathogen, and treatment options in context to COVID-19.

REVIEW ON STRUCTURE, PATHOGENECITY, TRANSMISSIBILITY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN PATHOGENIC CORONAVIRUSES

Coronaviruses cause animal and human respiratory and bowel infections. They have not been deemed highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and 2003 in Guangdong province, China. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are large, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that can infect both animals and humans. Coronaviruses didn't just appear recently. They are large family of viruses that have been around for a long time. Formerly, coronaviruses (CoVs) were seen as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. However, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates among human populations as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier. Now the recent detection of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), added a new member in corona virus family.The novel coronavirus (COVID 19) is one of the member of coronavirus family which infect human. Scientists have divided coronaviruses into four sub- groupings, called alpha, beta, gamma and delta. Seven of these viruses can infect people. The four common coronaviruses are-229E(alpha), NL63(alpha), OC43(beta), HKU1(beta). The three less-common coronaviruses are- MERS-CoV(beta), SARS-CoV(beta), SARS-CoV-2. Our main target is to describe the the structure, Pathogenecity, Transmissibility and Epidemiology of above mentioned subgroups of corona viruses in our review