Improvement of kidney apelin and apelin receptor in nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester induced rats

We have investigated the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training [AT] and Ferula gummosis supplement [FG] on apelin and apelin receptor [APJ], nitric oxide [NO] and angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] of hypertensive rats. In a experimental study, 50 adult male wistar rats were classified into five groups; 1- AT, 2- FG, 3- combination of aerobic training + Ferula Gummosa supplement [TFG], 4- nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester [L-NAME], 5- shame [control] groups [SH]. The rats in the 1 to 4 groups received L-NAME [10 mg/kg, 6 times a week for 8 weeks]. Also, the 1 and 3 groups experienced the training of 15 to 22 m/min for 25 to 64 minutes, 5 times a week for 8 weeks, whereas, the 2 and 3 groups received Ferula gummosis supplement [90 mg/kg, 6 times a week for 8 weeks]. However, rats in 5 groups received NaCl solution. At protocols resulted in a significant increase in apelin and APJ as compared to control and L-NAME groups. The TFG protocols resulted in a markedly increase in apelin, APJ and significantly decrease of ACE levels as compared to L-NAME group. Chronically administration of L-NAME resulted increased, ACE, and reduced the levels of apelin, APJ and NO, as compared to control group. The results in this study show that physical regular activity with and without herbal treatment induce amplification in apelin/APJ system and down-regulation blood pressure in L-NAME induced hypertension in the rat kidney tissue

[Comparison of the effects of endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercises on serum interleukin-17 concentrations in active men]

Background and purpose: Every type of exercises could lead to different immune responses in human body. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of endurance exercises [EE], resistance exercises [RE] and concurrent exercises [CE] on serum interleukin-17 [IL-17] concentrations and number of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils in active men.

Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy young and active men [Age: 21.69 +/- 2.66; BMI: 21.92 +/- 1.89; Fat%: 14.49 +/- 3.05] voluntarily participated in this study and randomly were assigned into three groups: EE [n=7], RE [n=6] and CE [n=7]. Subjects performed special exercise protocol for each group consisted of 45 minute. IL-17 serum concentrations were measured by ELISA method and so numbers of some classes of leukocytes were computed [Pre, immediate and 1 hour post-exercises]. Data were analyzed using Repeated-Measures analysis of variance, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc and Paird T-test at the significance level of a=0.05

Results: Changes in the serum levels of interleukin-17 was significantly different between groups immediately after exercise and 1 h post-exercise. Also, lymphocytes and neutrophils numbers 1 h post-exercise and monocytes and neutrophils numbers, 1 h post-exercise compared to basal levels were significantly different between three exercise groups, respectively [p<0.05].

Conclusion:Type of exercise has an effective role in IL-17, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes responses. Based on changes pattern of serum IL-17 in groups, it seems that CE can modify the effects of RE and EE.

[Effects of endurance training on mRNA levels of the KIF1B motor protein in sensory areas of the spinal cord of rats with diabetic neuropathy]

Diabetic neuropathy leads to axonal transport abnormalities. However its mechanism and the beneficial effects of exercise on these abnormalities are not well documented. The present study aims to investigate KIF1B mRNA in spinal cord sensory neuron tissue of Wistar male rats with diabetic neuropathy following endurance training. We randomly assigned 12 male Wistar rats into three groups: diabetic trained, diabetic untrained and healthy control. Intraperitoneal injection of a STZ [streptozotocin] solution [45 mg/kg] was used to induce diabetes. At two weeks after STZ injections, the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests demonstrated the presence of diabetic neuropathy. A moderate endurance training protocol was performed for a sixweek period. At 24 hours after the final training session, the rats were sacrified and the L4-L6 sensory neurons of the spinal cord tissue were removed. KIF1B mRNA expression was performed using real time-PCR. Diabetic neuropathy led to increased KIF1B gene expression in the diabetic untrained group compared with the intact control group [p=0.03]. Compared with the diabetic untrained group, training significantly decreased KIF1B gene expression [P<0.05] and blood glucose levels [P=0.0001] in the diabetic trained group. KIF1B mRNA up-regulation in sensory neurons of STZ-diabetic rats is a factor which can be involved in abnormal axonal transport. Endurance training as a nonpharmacotherapy strategy can modulate and return KIF1B to approximate normal levels.

Effects of endurance training on A12 acetyl cholinesterase activity in fast and slow-twitch skeletal muscles of male wistar rats

Endurance training improves the activity of G[4] type acetylcholine esterase [AchE] in muscle fibres. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training [ET] on activity of A12 type of AchE in Flexor Hallucis Longus [FHL] and Soleus [SOL] muscles of rats. 16 male wistar rats [age: 10 weeks and weight: 172.17 +/- 10.080 gr], were randomly divided in 2 groups [control; N=8 and ET; N=8]. Training group carried out 8 weeks [5 session/week] of endurance training on animal treadmill with speed of 10 m/min for 30 min at the first week which was gradually increased to 30 m/min for 60 min [70-80% of VO[2]max] at the last week. Forty eight hours after last session of training, FHL and Sol muscles of animals were moved out under sterilized situation by cutting on posterio-lateral side of hind limb. For separating AchE subunits, homogenization and electrophoresis [0.06 non-denaturaing polyacrilamide] methods were used. AchE activity was measured by Elisa kit. The activity of this protein significantly [p=0.017] increased in SOL muscle of ET group by 119%, but did not changed in FHL. In both groups [ET and Con], FHL muscle had significantly [ET: p=0.028 and Con p=0.01] higher basic levels of AchE activity compared to SOL muscle. This significant increase in AchE of SOL might be indicative of responsiveness of AchE of this muscle following endurance training for improving acetylcholine [Ach] cycle in neuromuscular junction. Endurance training might increase the A[12] type AchE activity to improve the Ach cycle as part of the adaptation of neuromuscular junction to increased level of physical activity

Effects of aerobic exercise on lung function in overweight and obese students

In healthy teenagers, obesity and physical inactivity are the two main factors that affect respiratory function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training on improving lung function in overweight and obese students. Thirty overweight or obese subjects with poor endurance performance and mild deterioration of respiratory indices [forced expiratory volume and forced expiratory volume in 1 second < 90% predicted] were randomly assigned into control [age: 16.6 +/- 0.83 years, height: 167 +/- 5.05 cm, weight: 80.44 +/- 7.65 kg] and intervention groups [age: 16.5 +/- 0.83 years, height: 166 +/- 6.7 cm, weight: 79.62 +/- 9.33 kg] .The intervention group preformed 24 weeks of continuous treadmill running [3 days a week]. Respiratory indices were measured pre, mid and post exercise. Independent t test, paired t test, Pearson's correlation test and repeated measure were used for analyzing the data. In the intervention group, post exercise respiratory indices were significantly higher than the pre exercise values, and did not reach the predicted values. No significant differences were found in pre, mid and post exercise respiratory indices in the control group. In the intervention group, improvements in respiratory indices were positively correlated with maximum voluntary ventilation [MVV] improvement but not with BMI reduction. No significant differences were detected between the 2 groups in terms of pre, mid and post exercise measures of BMI, weight, height, and respiratory indices. In overweight and obese teenagers, appropriate aerobic exercise training can partly improve lung function by strengthening the muscles of respiration. However, in order to achieve the predicted values of lung function, a further increase in activity duration and decrease in BMI is necessary