Mortality inequalities measured by socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a scoping review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Summarize the literature on the relationship between composite socioeconomic indicators and mortality in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS This scoping review included articles published between January 1, 2000, and August 31, 2020, retrieved by means of a bibliographic search carried out in the Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. Studies reporting on the association between composite socioeconomic indicators and all-cause, or specific cause of death in any age group in different geographical areas were selected. The review summarized the measures constructed, their associations with the outcomes, and potential study limitations. RESULTS Of the 77 full texts that met the inclusion criteria, the study reviewed 24. The area level of composite socioeconomic indicators analyzed comprised municipalities (n = 6), districts (n = 5), census tracts (n = 4), state (n = 2), country (n = 2), and other areas (n = 5). Six studies used composite socioeconomic indicators such as the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, and the Gini Index; the remaining 18 papers created their own socioeconomic measures based on sociodemographic and health indicators. Socioeconomic status was inversely associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality, external cause mortality, suicide, homicide, fetal and infant mortality, respiratory and circulatory diseases, stroke, infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, gastroenteritis, and oropharyngeal cancer. Higher mortality rates due to colorectal cancer, leukemia, a general group of neoplasms, traffic accident, and suicide, in turn, were observed in less deprived areas and/or those with more significant socioeconomic development. Underreporting of death and differences in mortality coverage in Brazilian areas were cited as the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzed mortality inequalities in different geographical areas by means of composite socioeconomic indicators, showing that the association directions vary according to the mortality outcome. But studies on all-cause mortality and at the census tract level remain scarce. The results may guide the development of new composite socioeconomic indicators for use in mortality inequality analysis.

Dor musculoesquelética e resiliência elevada da enfermagem em emergência tem relação com jornada de trabalho / Musculoskeletal pain and high resilience of emergency nursing is related to working hours / El dolor musculoesquelético y la alta resiliencia de la enfermería de emergencia está relacionado con la jornada laboral

Objetivo: Avaliar frequência, intensidade da dor musculoesquelética e capacidade de resiliência de profissionais de enfermagem que atuam em uma Unidade de Emergência no âmbito hospitalar. Métodos: Estudo transversal, desenvolvido com profissionais de enfermagem que atuam na Unidade de Emergência de um hospital geral. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre dezembro de 2019 a março de 2020, mediante aplicação do questionário sociodemográfico, laboral e clínico, Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares, escala numérica de avaliação da dor e escala de resiliência. Resultados: Participaram 31 profissionais, com predomínio de mulheres, idade entre 18 a 40 anos, técnicos de enfermagem, com vínculo empregatício exclusivo. Estas sentem dor, de moderada e alta intensidade, em diferentes regiões anatômicas. No último ano, as regiões corporais mais acometidas foram parte superior e inferior das costas, pescoço e ombros. Foi observada associação significativa entre jornada diária de trabalho e intensidade da dor (p=0,044) e, entre resiliência elevada e apresentar mais que um vínculo empregatício (p=0,029). Conclusão: Avaliação da intensidade, locais de dor musculoesquelética e resiliência da Enfermagem é importante como subsídio para ações e intervenções com esses trabalhadores para proteger e promover sua saúde e garantir segurança e qualidade da assistência ao usuário que acessa a Unidade de Emergência. (AU)

Objective: To assess frequency, intensity of musculoskeletal pain and resilience of nursing professionals who work in an Emergency Unit in the hospital. Methods: Cross-sectional study, developed with nursing professionals who work in the Emergency Unit of a general hospital. Data collection took place between December 2019 and March 2020, using the sociodemographic, labor and clinical questionnaire, Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, numerical pain assessment scale and resilience scale. Results: 31 professionals participated, with a predominance of women, aged between 18 and 40 years, nursing technicians, with exclusive employment relationship. They feel pain, of moderate and high intensity, in different anatomical regions. In the last year, the most affected body regions were the upper and lower back, neck and shoulders. A significant association was observed between daily work hours and pain intensity (p = 0.044) and between high resilience and having more than one job (p = 0.029). Conclusion: Assessment of intensity, places of musculoskeletal pain and nursing resilience is important as a basis for actions and interventions with these workers to protect and promote their health and ensure safety and quality of care for users who access the Emergency Unit. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia, intensidad del dolor musculoesquelético y la resiliencia de los profesionales de enfermería que laboran en una Unidad de Urgencias del hospital. Métodos: Estudio transversal, desarrollado con profesionales de enfermería que laboran en la Unidad de Urgencias de un hospital general. La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo entre diciembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, utilizando el cuestionario sociodemográfico, laboral y clínico, el cuestionario nórdico musculoesquelético, la escala numérica de evaluación del dolor y la escala de resiliencia. Resultados: Participaron 31 profesionales, con predominio de mujeres, con edades entre 18 y 40 años, técnicos de enfermería, con relación laboral exclusiva. Sienten dolor, de intensidad moderada y alta, en diferentes regiones anatómicas. En el último año, las regiones corporales más afectadas fueron la espalda alta y baja, el cuello y los hombros. Se observó una asociación significativa entre las horas diarias de trabajo y la intensidad del dolor (p = 0,044) y entre alta resiliencia y tener más de un trabajo (p = 0,029). Conclusión: La valoración de la intensidad, los lugares de dolor musculoesquelético y la resiliencia de enfermería es importante como base de acciones e intervenciones con estos trabajadores para proteger y promover su salud y garantizar la seguridad y calidad de la atención a los usuarios que acceden a la Unidad de Urgencias. (AU)