Occurrence of Capillaria sp. in the liver of sheep (Ovis aries ) in a slaughterhouse in the state of Acre, Brazil / Ocorrência de Capillaria sp. em fígado de ovino ( Ovis aries) em um abatedouro no estado do Acre, Brasil

Abstract Although sheep farming has grown in the state of Acre over the past four decades, little is known about occurrences of helminthiases in the herds of this region. The objective of the study was to assess the occurrences of non-intestinal helminthiasis among sheep slaughtered in Rio Branco. A total of 110 sheep livers were inspected from two slaughter batches (july 2014 and march 2015) in a slaughterhouse in Rio Branco. Livers with macroscopic lesions were photographed and were then subjected to histopathological analysis under an optical microscope. The macroscopic lesions showed small nodes with inflammatory characteristics and areas of fibrosis, which appeared to be calcified, thus suggesting a granulomatous reaction. Of the 110 evaluated livers, we noticed 110 nodules in total; these nodules have an average size of 0.5 cm. The histopathological analysis showed alterations to the architecture of the hepatic lobe, with multiple foci of necrosis and polymorphonuclear cells. Two samples revealed the presence of helminths from Nematode class and Capillaria sp. eggs identified by the typical morphology and morphometry. This seems to be the first report of Capillaria sp. in sheep livers in Brazil, and it serves as an important alert regarding animal health surveillance and control and regarding the Capillaria sp. zoonotic role in humans.

Resumo Embora a ovinocultura tenha despertado o interesse de criadouros no estado do Acre nas últimas quatro décadas, pouco se conhece sobre a ocorrência de helmintoses no plantel de ovinos dessa região. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a possibilidade de ocorrência de helmintíases não intestinais entre ovinos abatidos no município de Rio Branco. Foram inspecionados 110 fígados de ovinos em dois abates (julho de 2014 e março de 2015) em um abatedouro no município de Rio Branco. Fígados com lesões macroscópicas foram fotografados com posterior análise histopatológica por microscopia de luz. Nas lesões macroscópicas foram encontrados pequenos nódulos apresentando características inflamatórias com áreas de fibrose, aparentemente calcificadas, sugerindo uma reação granulomatosa. Dos 110 fígados avaliados, observou-se 110 nódulos no total; estes nódulos têm um tamanho médio de 0,5 cm. A análise histopatológica mostrou alterações na arquitetura do lóbulo hepático, com múltiplos focos de necrose, além da formação de abscessos hepáticos constituídos por polimorfonucleares. Duas amostras revelaram a presença de helmintos da Classe Nematoda e ovos de Capillaria sp. identificados pela morfologia típica e morfometria. Esse resultado parece ser o primeiro registro de Capillaria sp. em fígado de ovino no Brasil, o que é um importante alerta para a vigilância no controle sanitário animal e o seu papel zoonótico para humanos.

Polycystic echinococcosis in the state of Acre, Brazil: contribution to patient diagnosis, treatment and prognosis

The lack of knowledge regarding polycystic hydatid disease results in delayed or even incorrect diagnosis. The lack of systematic information regarding treatment also makes it difficult to assess the results and prognosis in patients with peritoneal and hepatic lesions caused by Echinococcus vogeli. Here we describe the clinical features of patients, propose a radiological classification protocol and describe a therapeutic option for the treatment of hydatid disease that previously had only been used for cases of cystic echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus). A prospective cohort study was initiated in 1999 and by 2009 the study included 60 patients. These patients were classified according to the PNM classification (parasite lesion, neighbouring organ invasion and metastases) and placed in one of three therapeutic modalities: (i) chemotherapy with albendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, (ii) surgical removal of cysts or (iii) percutaneous puncture of the cysts via puncture, aspiration, injection and re-aspiration (PAIR). The results were stratified according to therapeutic outcome: "cure", "clinical improvement", "no improvement", "death" or "no information". The PNM classification was useful in indicating the appropriate therapy in cases of polycystic hydatid disease. In conclusion, surgical therapy produced the best clinical results of all the therapies studied based on "cure" and "clinical improvement" outcomes. The use of PAIR for treatment requires additional study.

Notes on human cases of cystic echinococcosis in Peru

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a high prevalent zoonosis in the central and southern Peruvian Andes. Serum samples (n50)frompatients presenting presumptive clinical and radiological diagnosis of CE (group 1), were tested for antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus metacestode using Arc-5 double diffusion assay (DD5), immunoelectrophoresis (IEF), and immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) techniques. Serum samples (n18) from patients presenting other parasite infections (paragonomiasis, cysticercosis, and fascioliasis) or healthy blood donors (n15), were designated as control groups. The overall sensitivity of the tests was of 94 percent (DD5 and IEF tests) or 96 percent (EITB test). Only patients from group 1 were seropositive for CE. Polypeptides of 21, 31, and 48 kDa were considered positive for CE. Based on these results, this study demonstrates that CE also occurs in other coastal departments (Piura, Ancash, Ica, Arequipa, and Tacna) besides Lima.

Dirofilaríase pulmonar humana no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: relato de um caso / Human pulmonary dirofilariasis at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a case report

Relata-se caso de dirofilaríase pulmonar humana em paciente com 45 anos de idade, proveniente do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A radiografia torácica evidenciou nódulo pulmonar solitário localizado no lóbulo inferior esquerdo, mimetizando neoplasia. Dirofilaríase pulmonar humana deveria ser investigada em nódulos pulmonares näo malignos e de etiologia näo conclusiva.

Equinococose policística na Amazônia oriental brasileira: atualização da casuística / Polycystic echinococcosis in the eastern brazilian Amazon: an update

Mediante critérios epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais, foi levantada a casuística de equinococose policística no período de 1962 a 2003, no âmbito da Amazônia oriental brasileira, incluindo casos inéditos e aqueles já publicados. Dessa forma, foram identificados 40 casos da doença no referido período, compreendendo casos procedentes dos estados do Pará e Amapá, Brasil. A amplitude das idades foi de 10 a 72 anos. Do total 47,5% pertenciam ao sexo masculino. O fígado foi o órgão mais acometido (82,5% dos casos). O Echinococcus vogeli (Rausch e Bernstein, 1972), apresentou-se como o principal agente etiológico envolvido. A partir do reconhecimento da importância e das implicações do manejo da equinococose para a região tropical, acredita-se que deverá ocorrer uma implementação do diagnóstico precoce, tratamento adequado e de um melhor registro da doença.

By means of epidemiological and clinical-laboratorial approaches was consolidated an update of polycystic echinococcosis in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon, period from 1962 to 2003, including unpublished cases and those already published. In that way, they were identified 40 cases of the disease in referred period, understanding cases coming from the States of Pará and Amapá, Brazil. The width of the ages went from 10 to 72 years and 47,5% belonged to the masculine sex. The liver was the attacked organ (82,5% of the cases). The Echinococcus vogeli (Rausch and Bernstein, 1972), comes as the main agent involved. Starting from the recognition of the importance and of the implications of the handling of the echinococcosis for the tropical area, it is believed that should happen an improvement of the diagnosis, appropriate treatment and of a better registration of the disease.

A comparative parasitologic study on Biomphalaria glabrata snail and C3H/He mice infected with human and murine isolates of Schistosoma mansoni derived from Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Experiments were carried out to analyze the biological characteristics of two sympatric isolates of Schistosoma mansoni derived from humans and murines in a low endemic transmission area (Sumidouro county, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Sympatric reared-laboratory Biomphalaria glabrata and C3H/He mice were used as experimental hosts. Parameters assessed comprised: precercarial period, infectivity and mortality (snails), prepatent period, infectivity (percentage of cercariae maturation into adult worm) and intestinal egg count (mice). The murine isolate showed a shorter precercarial period and higher infectivity than human isolate (p < 0.05). This biological heterogenicity did not correspond to the vertebrate data because any biological parameter presented significant difference (p > 0.05). These data suggest that both isolates are local sub-populations, providing support for the hypotheses that in a same biotope mixed populations or sub-populations circulate among their main host (human beings) and/or rodent as an anfixenous infection

Natural Schistosoma mansoni infection in Nectomys squamipes: histopathological and morphometric analysis in comparison to experimentally infected N. squamipes and C3H/He mice

Histopathologic and morphometric (area, perimeter, major and minor diameters) analysis of hepatic granulomas isolated from twelve naturally infected Nectomys squamipes were compared to four experimentally infected ones and six C3H/He mice. Liver paraffin sections were stained for cells and extracellular matrix. Both groups of N. squamipes presented peculiar granulomas consisting predominantly of large macrophages, full of schistosome pigment, characterizing an exudative-macrophage granuloma type, smaller than the equivalent granuloma type in mouse. Naturally infected animals exhibited granulomas in different stages of development, including large number of involutional types. Morphometric analysis showed that all measurements were smaller in naturally infected animals than in other groups. The results demonstrated that both N. squamipes groups reproduced, with small variations, the hepatic granuloma aspects already described in cricetidium (Calomys callosus), showing a genetic tendency to set up strong macrophage responses and small granulomas. Unexpectedly, natural infection did not engender distinguished histopathological characteristics distinct from those derived from experimental single infection, showing changes predominantly secondary to the duration of infection. It appears that the variability of the inocula (and the number of infections?) interfere more with the quantity than with the quality of the pathological changes, denoting some morpho-functional determinism in the response to schistosomal infection dependent on the animal species

An autochthonous case of Echinococcus vogeli Rausch & Bernstein, 1972 polycystic echinococcosis in the State of Rondônia, Brazil

The present case report refers to a patient from the State of Rondônia, North region of Brazil, attended with clinical suspicion of hepatic echinococcosis. Examination by imaging (ultrasonography and computerized tomography) revealed a conglomerate of cystic lesions, with mobile contents within the cyst. The serology (immunoblot) for Echinococcus sp. was positive (21 and 31 kDa bands). This case is the first reported in Rondônia, suggesting the need to investigate the polycystic echinococcosis in individuals with hepatic cysts from areas of tropical forest and hunting habits where wild life was present as wild dogs, cats and rodents, particularly Agouti paca (paca) and Dasyprocta aguti (agouti)

Cercarial chaetotaxy and sex differentiation of Schistosoma mansoni deriving from humans and Nectomys squamipes (Muridae: Sigmondontinae) in Brazil

A comparative study was made between sympatric isolates of Schistosoma mansoni: one from a wild rodent (R) Nectomys squamipes and another one from humans (H) isolated from a low endemic schistosomiasis transmission area in Brazil. Our purpose was to detect differences between them concerning chaetotaxy (number and pattern of distribution of the argentophilic papillae) of the cercariae by means of silver impregnation. No significant difference (x > 0.05) between isolates was noted. Nevertheless, a significant difference (x < 0.05) was observed in the cercarial index (ratio of the distance between the first and the second preacetabular papillae and the distance between the first and the second dorsal preacetabular papillae) of male and female cercariae in both isolates. Males presented a greater cercarial index than females. By means of multivariate analysis, male cercariae were distinguished from female cercariae through the following characteristics: average number of dorsal papillae on the right quadrant, average number of ventral middle papillae on the right quadrant (H isolate) and average number of dorsal middle papillae on the left quadrant (R isolate). The results suggest that R and H isolates belong to the same population that could complete its life cycle in rodent-snail-rodent fashion

Aspectos epidemiológicos da dirofilariose canina no perímetro urbano de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso: emprego do Immunoblot e do teste de Knott modificado / Epidemiological aspects of cnine dirofilariasis in the metropolitan area of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso: the use of Immunoblot

O presente trabalho refere-se a pesquisa dos aspectos epidemiológicos da dirofilariose canina no perímetro urbano de Cuiabá, através de exame de sangue e sorologia. Examinou-se o sangue de 822 cäes: em 11,81 por cento das amostras, detectaram-se, por meio de "Immunoblot", anticorpos contra antígenos de Dirofilaria immitis adulto, enquanto em 0,41 por cento foram encontradas, por meio do teste de Knott modificado, microfilárias de D. immitis. A prevalência da dirofilariose canina em Cuiabá, no período de junho a novembro de 1997, e com a metodologia aplicada, foi de 120,8 casos em cada 1.000 animais. O "Immunoblot" diagnosticou como positivas 11,27 por cento das amostras que estavam consideradas negativas pelo teste de Knott modificado. Os autores analisaram estatisticamente informaçöes sobre raça, sexo, idade e regiäo administrativa de origem dos cäes pesquisados. Foi questionada a possibilidade de que os animais pesquisados tivessem viajado a regiöes endêmicas, usado microfilaricidas, ou apresentado sintomatologia compatível, bem como estudadas as características ecológicas do local de moradia. Cäes com idade variando entre um e nove anos e residentes na regiäo Centro-Oeste apresentaram maior índice de positividade. A maioria näo apresentava sintomatologia compatível com a doença, nao tinha história clínica do uso de microfilaricidas e/ou preventivos contra dirofilariose canina e nunca havia saído do perímetro urbano de Cuiabá, mas residiam em bairros próximos a rios ou córregos e/ou em casas contíguas a áreas de vegetaçäo nativa. Pela primeira vez, o "Immunoblot" foi empregado no diagnóstico de dirofilariose canina no Brasil

Enteroparasitoses em pré-escolares de comunidades favelizadas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Intestinal parasitoses in low-income children under five years of age in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A prevalência das enteroparasitoses foi verificada através de inquérito coproparasitológico realizado de março de 1990 a outubro de 1991, em 1.381 pré-escolares provenientes de quatro comunidades faveladas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Por meio da técnica de Blagg et al. (1955), foi encontrada uma positividade geral de 54,5. Os parasitos mais freqüentes foram Giardia lamblia e Ascaris lumbricoides, em cerca de 25,0 por cento das crianças investigadas. Correlaçäo estatisticamente significativa foi observada entre idade e positividade nas crianças menores de três anos. Sugeriu-se que tratamento antiparasitário e modificaçöes ambientais sejam implementados para o controle das infecçöes parasitárias nesta populaçäo.

Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: a review

Os autores realizaram minuciosa revisao sobre a distribuicao geografica, a clinica, a patologia e o diagnostico da dirofilariase pulmonar humana. Esta zoonose, que tem como principal agente etiologico a Dirofilaria immitis, e um problema medico porque produz um quadro clinico, embora benigno, que se confunde com neoplasia e, assim interpretado, pode conduzir o paciente a cirurgia do torax. Dos 229 casos citados na literatura, apenas 17 foram descritos no Brasil, apesar da existencia de condicoes muito favoraveis a transmissao da infeccao para o homem, admitindo-se portanto, que e uma parasitose subdiagnosticada. Finalmente, a importancia do diagnostico diferencial entre dirofilariase e neoplasias pulmonares nos casos de presenca de nodulo solitario subpleural ("coin lesion") e destacada, alem do que o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de tecnicas modernas de diagnostico imunologico sao essenciais para distinguir esta doenca benigna de outras patologias mais serias e evitar cirurgias desnecessarias. Essas tecnicas poderao fornecer a prevalencia real da parasitose em nosso meio.