Las relaciones entre prosodia y comprensión lectora en alumnos hispanohablantes: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Relations between prosody and reading comprehension in Spanish-speaking students: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumen La fluidez ha sido considerada como uno de los factores relevantes que interviene en la comprensión lectora. Actualmente se incluye en la fluidez, además de la velocidad y la precisión, la prosodia como uno de los componentes que actúa de forma preponderante en la construcción del significado de la lectura. El propósito de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis para determinar, por un lado, la situación de la agenda investigativa en la materia y, por el otro, mensurar la magnitud de la relación entre prosodia y comprensión lectora en alumnos hablantes nativos del español. Se realizó para ello un rastreo bibliográfico en las bases de datos Dialnet, Redalyc, SciELO, ERIC, Scopus y PubMed, sin restricciones temporales. En la revisión sistemática se incluyeron 18 estudios. Con los estudios correlacionales (n = 12) se llevó a cabo un metaanálisis multinivel, en el que se examinaron 59 coeficientes de correlación. El análisis mostró una asociación significativa entre prosodia y comprensión lectora (t(58) = 9.77, p < .001) con un efecto moderado de .46 (Z de Fisher = .49 [95 % CI = .39, .59]). Ni el nivel escolar al que asisten los alumnos (primario o secundario), ni el nivel en el que se evaluó la comprensión (oración o texto) moderaron la relación entre las variables. En suma, los resultados sostienen que las habilidades prosódicas contribuyen al procesamiento semántico de las oraciones y textos en español, más allá del nivel educativo del que se trate.

Abstract Fluency has been considered one of the relevant factors involved in reading comprehension, by providing a bridge between decoding and comprehension. At present, fluency includes, alongside rate and accuracy, prosody as one the parts which plays a preponderant role in the construction of meaning during the reading process. Prosodic reading is the use of oral language features when reading a text, such as pausing, stress and intonation, in order that the text will be read aloud with the tonal and rhythmic characteristics of speech. Furthermore, prosodic reading makes it possible to organize word sequences into syntactically cohesive units of meaning. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis, firstly, in order to determine the situation of research articles which enquire into the relation between prosody and reading comprehension, and secondly, to measure the significance of that relation in students who are native speakers of Spanish. To that end, a bibliographic search was performed without time restrictions in the following databases: Dialnet, Redalyc, SciELO, ERIC, Scopus and PubMed. The systematic review included 18 studies. The qualitative synthesis showed four categories of articles: (1) validation studies of instruments to assess reading fluency; (2) intervention studies on different prosodic aspects and enquiries into their impact on reading comprehension; (3) comparisons of good and poor comprehenders; and (4) correlational studies. A multilevel meta-analysis was performed in the correlational studies (n = 12), examining 59 correlation coefficients. The analysis showed a significant association between reading comprehension and prosody (t(58) = 9.77, p < .001) with a moderate effect of .46 (z = .49 [95 % CI = .39, .59]). Once outlier values had been removed, no variation was found in the size of the estimated effect (r = .46). Two additional models were adjusted, including as moderating variables, respectively, the type of assessment performed on comprehension (sentence or text level) and the educational level (primary or secondary). The results obtained from these models suggest the association between comprehension and prosody is neither moderated by the type of assessment carried out (F(1, 57) = 1.51, ρ = .22), nor by the educational level (F(1, 57) = 0.10, ρ = .75). In summary, the meta-analysis showed a moderate relation between prosody and reading comprehension. These relations continued beyond the level at which the latter variable (sentence or text) was examined, and throughout the school trajectory. In other words, and in contrast to other aspects of fluency, such as accuracy and rate, prosody seems to maintain its contribution to comprehension. In sum, the findings support the claim that suprasegmental skills, both at lexical level (i. e. the skills related to the identification, stress and manipulation of stressed syllables in words) and at metrical level (the capabilities responsible for processing intonation, rhythm and pausing when reading), contribute to the semantic processing of sentences and texts in Spanish, regardless of the educational level under analysis. These results should be moderated given the limited number of studies found and the smaller amount of research carried out at secondary school level. In spite of these limitations, the relationships observed among the variables studied support the importance of prosodic reading to psychoeducational diagnosis and intervention in reading comprehension, and they provide significant background for future research.

Leer, comprender y aprender en la escuela secundaria: enfoques y perspectivas / Lire, comprendre et apprendre à l'école secondaire: approches et perspectives / Ler, compreender e aprender na educação secundária: abordagens e perspectivas / Reading, understanding and learning in secondary education: approaches and perspectives

Resumen En la escolaridad, el aprendizaje a partir de los textos, es fundamental para la inclusión real de los estudiantes. Se describe el sistema educativo argentino en el nivel secundario de enseñanza junto con los desafíos lingüístico-cognitivos en relación al aprendizaje que dicho contexto supone. Asimismo, se conceptualiza el proceso mediante el cual los alumnos aprenden a partir de textos disciplinares que se tornan progresivamente más complejos conforme avanzan en su trayecto escolar. Para completar dicho propósito se desarrollan diferentes líneas teóricas. En primer lugar, se presentan los hallazgos de la psicolingüística cognitiva que han permitido caracterizar las demandas y el procesamiento implicados en la lectura y la comprensión lectora. Seguidamente, se retoma el enfoque de la psicología histórico-cultural, que reposiciona los procesos interactivos-discursivos y los artefactos culturales que median el proceso de alfabetización. Por último, se exponen los constructos de habilidades claves de lenguaje académico y de alfabetización disciplinar, que desde un punto de vista cognitivo-funcional, contribuyen a entender las demandas lingüísticas que supone el contexto escolar o académico.

Résumé Au niveau, apprendre à partir des textes est fondamental pour l'inclusion réelle des éleves. Le système éducatif argentin est décrit dans le niveau de l'enseignement secondaire ainsi que les défis linguistiques et cognitifs en relation avec l'apprentissage que suppose ledit contexte. De même, il est conceptualisé le processus par lequel les élèves apprennent à travers les textes disciplinaires qui deviennent progressivement plus complexes à mesure que les premiers progressent dans leur parcours scolaire. Afin de compléter cet objectif, de différentes lignes théoriques sont développées. Tout d'abord, se sont les résultats de la psycholinguistique cognitive permettant de caractériser les demandes et le traitement impliqués pendant la lecture et la compréhension ecrite qui sont présentés. Ensuite est repris l'accent de la psychologie historico-culturelle qui repositionne les processus interactifs discursifs et les artefacts culturels qui interviennent dans le processus d'alphabétisation. Enfin sont exposées les constructions des compétences clés du langage académique et de l'alphabétisation des disciplines qui dans la perspective cognitive-fonctionnelle contribuent à la compréhension des exigences linguistiques posées par le contexte scolaire ou universitaire.

Resumo Na escola, a aprendizagem a partir dos textos é fundamental para a inclusão real dos alunos. O sistema educacional argentino é descrito no nível secundário de educação juntamente com os desafios linguístico-cognitivos em relação à aprendizagem que o dito contexto supõe. Da mesma forma, é conceituado o processo mediante o qual os alunos aprendem a partir de textos disciplinares que se tornam progressivamente mais complexos enquanto progridem em sua trajetória escolar. Diferentes linhas teóricas são desenvolvidas para atingir este objetivo. Em primeiro lugar, são apresentadas as descobertas da psicolinguística cognitiva que permitiram a caracterização das demandas e do processamento envolvidos na leitura e compreensão da leitura. Logo, a abordagem da psicologia histórico-cultural é retomada, que reposiciona os processos interativos-discursivos e os artefatos culturais que medeiam o processo de alfabetização. Para terminar, os construtos das principais habilidades chave da linguagem acadêmica e da alfabetização disciplinar são expostas, aquelas que do ponto de vista cognitivo-funcional contribuem para compreender as demandas linguísticas que o contexto escolar ou acadêmico pressupõe.

Abstract In school, learning from texts is essential for achieving students' real inclusion. The Argentine educational system is described in the secondary level of education along with the linguistic-cognitive challenges in relation to the learning this context supposes. Likewise, it is conceptualized the process by which students learn from subject matter-specific texts that become increasingly more complex as they advance through their academic career. Different theoretical perspectives are developed for this purpose. First, we will present the findings of cognitive psycholinguistics that have made it possible to describe the requirements and processes involved in reading and comprehending texts. Then, a cultural-historical psychology approach is taken up, repositioning speech-interactive processes and cultural machanisms that mediate the literacy process. Finally, we will list the core academic language skills and disciplinary literacy constructs that, from a functional-cognitive viewpoint, contribute to the understanding of the linguistic demands implied in an academic context.

Inhibición y actualización en comprensión de textos: una revisión / Inhibition and Updating in Text Comprehension: a Review

El presente trabajo describe un conjunto de investigaciones en las que se indagan las relaciones entre funciones ejecutivas y comprensión de textos. Se revisan específicamente de qué forma se asocian los procesos de actualización e inhibición con la construcción de un significado global del texto por parte del lector en un contexto determinado. Se seleccionaron investigaciones a través de las base de datos Redalyc, Scielo, Pepsic y Dialnet, bajos los descriptores "funciones ejecutivas" y "comprensión lectora". El corpus de investigaciones revisado no afirma en todos los casos que la inhibición sea discriminante de la comprensión exitosa. La actualización, en cambio, parece ser un buen predictor de la comprensión lectora en todos los trabajos revisados. Se puntualiza que los instrumentos diversos con que se han indagado ambas funciones ejecutivas limitan la comparación de resultados. Se propone para futuros estudios, realizar evaluaciones con similares instrumentos que permitan arribar a resultados comparables que sean la base para la evaluación y la intervención en comprensión de textos

The present work describes a group of investigations inquiring into the relationships between executive functions and text comprehension. Specifically, it is reviewed the way in which updating and inhibition processes are associated with the construction of global meaning in text by a reader in a certain context. The investigations were selected through Redalyc, Scielo, Pepsic and Dialnet databases, under the descriptors executive functions and reading comprehension. The reviewed investigations does not assert in all cases that inhibition is discriminant for succesful comprehension. Updating, however, seems to be a good predictor for reading comprehension in all of the surveyed works. It is stressed that the diverse instruments with which both executive functions have been analysed limit result comparison. For future studies, evaluations with similar instruments are proposed, so as to allow the obtaining of comparable results, which can in turn serve as a basis for evaluation and intervention in text comprehension.