Factores de resiliencia y bienestar en familias colombianas / Resilience factors and familiar well-being in Colombian families

Resumen Las familias, en la actualidad, enfrentan nuevos retos y cambios que comprometen su capacidad de adaptación y su bienestar. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y comparar indicadores de resiliencia familiar y bienestar familiar de 442 familias colombianas ubicadas geográficamente en Bogotá (n = 196), Santa Marta (n = 81) y Cali-Palmira (n = 145). El diseño fue analítico transversal. Las familias diligenciaron el Índice Familiar de Regeneración y Adaptación (FIRA-G) para valorar la resiliencia y el Índice de Bienestar de los miembros de la Familia (FMWB). Los resultados demostraron relaciones significativas y positivas entre bienestar familiar y resiliencia familiar al igual que una relación inversa y significativa entre indicadores de resiliencia negativos como tensión, distrés y tensión familiar con indicadores positivos de resiliencia familiar tales como coherencia, fortaleza y apoyo social. La comparación entre ciudades evidenció divergencias entre las familias de Bogotá y Cali-Palmira, en los niveles de bienestar familiar, estresores familiares y apoyo de parientes y amigos. En el caso de la ciudad de Santa Marta se encuentran diferencias en los estresores familiares con Cali-Palmira y en apoyo social comunitario con Bogotá. La discusión se orienta a mostrar que la resiliencia familiar es resultado de la participación de varios elementos: los recursos familiares adaptativos positivos que le permiten a las familias reducir el estrés y enfrentar las demandas del ambiente, la presencia de los dos padres en familias sin indicadores clínicos que hace que la carga de estrés sea compartida -lo cual abona el terreno para la resiliencia familiar-, y el apoyo social manifestado en ayudas externas al núcleo familiar por parte de la comunidad, los parientes y los amigos.

Abstract Currently, modern families are coping with different stressful situations. The family studies are focused on the conceptual perspective, political perspective and methodological topic and they leave aside the familiar dynamics and functioning. This paper was interested in describing and comparing indicators of family resilience and family welfare of 442 Colombian families. This study had three hypotheses: The first one is focused on differences in well-being family dimension per location; the second hypothesis was focused on significant differences in family resilience per location, and the third one was interested in significant relations in family resilience and family well-being. The theoretical support to this research is the McCubbin and Patterson's resilience model called Double ABCX and Family Adaptation and Adjust Response Model by Patterson. The family well-being is considered a result of internal family functioning and is measured by the family member perception about the concern about health problems, fears, anger and sadness. Family resilience is understood as the capacity to recover from adversity. This capacity strengthens families and improves their resources. In this theoretic resilience approach the resilience is a dynamic result to the adaptation phase and the family well-being is the final adjustment. The design was cross-sectional analytical with a convenience sample. The families were interviewed in their homes, from each family both parents and a child between 9 and 17 years old participated. They are located geographically in Bogotá (n = 196), Santa Marta (n = 81) and Cali-Palmira (n = 145). Families completed the Family Member Well-being Index (FMWB) and the Family Regeneration and Adaptation Index (FIRA-G) to assess resilience. Families residing in Bogotá showed significant differences with those of Cali-Palmira in the dimension of family well-being, family stress and support from friends and family. While families located in Santa Marta showed differences with respect to the families located in Cali-Palmira in family stress and in community and social support. The father correlations between the family resilience index and the well-being family index is strong and inverse with the family stress and the family well-being summarized. The mother well-being family perception is significant associated with family resilience, and these correlations was strongest with family well-being summarized. The family stress index, strains and distress exposed moderate and inverse relations with the positive resilience family summarized. The discussion deals with family resilience as a product of the dynamic interaction in the hole family system and is oriented to the fact that the presence of support from family and friends reduces the burden of family stress, promotes support in the face of crisis and, in general, improves the well-being and family adaptation. In general, the differences reflect varied resilience trajectories that depend on the challenges posed by the close context of the city where they live. An approach to this result leads us to think as a hypothesis not yet widely explored, in the mobility factor of cities, which limits contact with close family networks. In big cities like Bogotá, its internal mobility compromises the times and spaces of daily life, and thus allows or prevents families from organizing their relationships in the different areas of their social life. Resilience occurs through positive adaptive family resources that included social support and family coherence and allow families to reduce stress and meet the demands of the environment. On the other hand, the presence of the two parents in families without clinical indicators shows that the burden of shared stress helps family resilience, which is also fed by the presence of external aids to the family nucleus, such as the support of the community, family and friends.

El desarrollo del sí mismo en la infancia: Contribuciones teóricas y metodológicas desde la teoría del self dialógico (TSD) y la psicología semiótico-cultural / Self Development in Childhood: Theoretical and Methodological Contributions from Dialogical Self Theory (TSD) and Semiotic-Cultural Psychology

Este artículo tiene como propósito presentar una aproximación teórica y metodológica para el estudio del desarrollo del sí mismo en la niñez. Tomando como punto de partida la Teoría del Self Dialógico (TSD) y el abordaje de la Psicología Semiótico-Cultural, se propone el concepto de Posicionamiento Dinámico de Sí (PDS). Se plantea que el niño tiene un papel activo en la construcción de sus procesos de desarrollo. Metodológicamente, se propone indagar por las construcciones de indicadores del desarrollo del sí mismo a partir de observaciones en las interacciones y de las construcciones narrativas de niños y de sus otros significativos. Finalmente se sugiere que futuras investigaciones que se enfoquen en el estudio del sí mismo deben centrarse en darle una voz al niño y recuperar el carácter dinámico y dialógico del desarrollo

The purpose of this article is to present a theoretical and methodological approach to the study of the development of the self in childhood. Taking as starting point the Theory of the Dialogic Self (TSD) and the approach of the Semiotic-Cultural Psychology, the concept of Dynamic Positioning of Yes (PDS) is proposed. It is stated that the child has an active role in the construction of their development processes. Methodologically, it is proposed to investigate the constructions of indicators of the development of the self from observations in the interactions and narrative constructions of children and their significant others. Finally, it is suggested that future research focusing on the study of the self should focus on giving a voice to the child and recover the dynamic and dialogical character of the development

Interacciones docente-estudiantes y maltrato infantil: análisis microgenético desde la perspectiva sociocultural 2 / Teacher-Student Interactions and Child Abuse: Microgenetic Analysis from a Sociocultural Perspective

Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar las significaciones sobre el maltrato infantil, que emergen en el contexto de un salón de clases de primero de primaria, en un colegio público de la ciudad de Bogotá. Este estudio se sustenta en la perspectiva sociocultural. Desde un enfoque idiográfico y por medio de análisis microgenéticos, se profundizó en el estudio de caso de Martina, quien, a partir de su práctica pedagógica, proporcionó elementos para caracterizar las significaciones que ha construido sobre el maltrato infantil y la manera en cómo estas son comunicadas a los niños. Metodológicamente, se solicitó a la profesora preparar un taller para sus estudiantes orientado hacia la prevención del maltrato infantil. También, se llevó a cabo una entrevista con la docente para complementar los análisis. Los resultados indican que las significaciones del maltrato infantil, que emergen en la práctica educativa de la educadora, están permeadas por un sistema cultural más amplio, a saber, la religión católica, y que a través de lo religioso se comunica con sus estudiantes para alinear sus objetivos a los de ellos. Futuras investigaciones podrían centrarse en el estudio de la práctica docente, de manera detallada, y considerar la cultura como elemento fundamental de la organización escolar.

Abstract This research aims to characterize connotations regarding child abuse from teacher-student interactions and relationships that occur inside a first grade classroom, located in a public school in the city of Bogotá. Theoretically, we support our work on the sociocultural perspective. We used the idiographic approach to characterize the case study of Martina, a first-grade teacher, through microgenetic analysis; who from her pedagogical practice and the design of a workshop aimed at preventing abuse provided us with elements to characterize the significations she has built on child abuse. The analysis of the results shows that the meanings and beliefs that emerge in her pedagogical practice are influenced by a cultural system, especially her religious beliefs, which are rooted in the Catholic religion. Finally, we find that it is necessary for future investigations and research to focus on pedagogical practices, taking into consideration culture as an important element in the school context.

Humor gráfico y comprensión de deseos / Graphic Humor and Understanding of Desires

El presente artículo tiene como propósito documentar la comprensión de los deseos a partir de dos aproximaciones: situaciones que utilizan el humor gráfico y situaciones clásicas de preferencias con niños entre 2.8 y 3 años. Se trabaja con el método microgenético combinado con un estudio en series de tiempo durante 10 sesiones de aplicación (dos meses y medio). Se realizan dos tipos de análisis, uno intragrupo y uno intraindividual que permite capturar los diversos caminos por los cuales transitan los niños al enfrentarse a las tareas. Los resultados arrojan la identificación de tres tendencias en los desempeños: estable, descendente y ascendente. Igualmente, se pone en evidencia la importancia de trabajar otras vías para el estudio de los procesos cognitivos en términos metodológicos y se confirma el humor gráfico como alternativa para el estudio de los estados mentales.

This paper aims to document the understanding of desires from two approaches, one is graphic humor and the other is preferences with children between two years eight months and three years. Methodologically, we work with the microgenetic method combined with a time-series study over 10 sessions for two months. Two types of analysis are used, an intra-group and through an intra-subject one; the latter captures the various ways which children go when faced with tasks. The results identify three trends in performance: stable trend, downward trend, and upward trend. They also show the importance of working on other ways for the study of cognitive processes in terms of methodology and these results confirm graphic humor as an alternative for the study of mental states.

Tres debates fundamentales en el campo de la teoría de la mente: aspectos teóricos y metodológicos / Three fundamental discussions in the field of the theory of mind: theoretical and methodological approaches / Três debates principais no campo da teoria da mente: aspetos teóricos e metodológicos

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar tres de los debates más representativos en el campo del desarrollo de la Teoría de la Mente (TdM) en los niños. Para este efecto se discutirán los siguientes temas: 1) el término TdM (Premack y Woodruff, 1978; Reddy, 2008; Wellman 1990/1995); 2) los mecanismos cognoscitivos involucrados en la comprensión de la TdM (Perner, 1991/1994; Leslie, 1987, 1994; Reddy, 2008); y 3) las tareas utilizadas para medir la TdM (Chandler, Fritz y Hala, 1989; Reddy, 2008; Wimmer y Perner, 1983). Las conclusiones apuntan a un cuestionamiento del término, a una mirada más amplia de las teorías que sustentan los mecanismos cognoscitivos y a una postura crítica de las estrategias metodológicas utilizadas en estos estudios.

The aim of this paper is to analyze three of the most representative debates in the field of development of children's Theory of Mind (ToM). This paper will discuss the following topics: 1) the term ToM (Premack and Woodruff, 1978; Reddy, 2008; Wellman 1990/1995); 2) the cognitive mechanisms involved in understanding ToM (Perner, 1991/1994; Leslie, 1987, 1994, Reddy, 2008); and 3) the tasks used to measure ToM (Chandler, Fritz and Hala, 1989; Reddy, 2008, Wimmer and Perner, 1983). The findings point to a questioning of the term, a broader view of the theories underlying cognitive mechanisms and a critical stand of the approaches used in these studies.

Neste artigo se analisam três debates representativos na área de desenvolvimento da Teoria da Mente (TdM) em crianças. Para o efeito, se debatem os seguintes assuntos: 1) o termo TdM (Premack e Woodruff, 1978; Reddy, 2008; Wellman 1990, 1995), 2) os mecanismos cognitivos envolvidos na compreensão do TdM (Perner, 1991, 1994; Leslie, 1987, 1994, Reddy, 2008), e 3) as tarefas utilizadas para medir a TdM (Chandler, Fritz e Hala, 1989; Reddy, 2008; Wimmer e Perner, 1983). As conclusões apontam para um questionamento do termo, uma visão mais ampla das teorias subjacentes aos mecanismos cognitivos e uma posição crítica das abordagens metodológicas utilizadas nestes estudos.