RESUMO
Objective·To study the imaging of subcutaneous lymph-vessels and lymph-nodes in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with different concentrations of indocyanine green (ICG), and to find the best concentration to improve the success rate of SLNB. Methods·A total of 339 primary breast cancer patients with clinical negative axillary lymph node were enrolled in the study. Double tracer method [ICG and methylene blue (10 mg/mL)] was used for sentinel lymph node biopsy. 1.25 mg/mL ICG was diluted to difference concentration. The injection volume was 1 mL for ICG and 1 mL for methylene blue. The imaging of subcutaneous lymph-vessels and lymph-nodes and the success rate of SLNB were recorded after injection of different concentrations of ICG. Results·The concentration of ICG had significant effect on lymph-vessels and lymph-nodes imaging rate and SLNB success rate (P=0.001). In the group that breast tumors not located in the external upper quadrant (needle biopsy or excisional biopsy) and tumor located in the external upper quadrant without excisional biopsy (needle biopsy), concentration of ICG reached 80％ subcutaneous lymph-vessels imaging rate is 0.723 mg/mL (95％ CI 0.595-0.915 mg/mL). In this group, in this concentration range, the imaging rate of subcutaneous lymph node was 28％-53％, and the success rate of SLNB was 88％-92％. In the group that breast tumors located in the external upper quadrant and had been resected, the imaging rate of subcutaneous lymph-vessels and lymph-nodes was 50％-69％ and 20％-42％, respectively, and the success rate of SLNB was 76％-81％. The difference of subcutaneous lymph-vessels imaging rate between two groups was statistically significant (P=0.014), but the difference of lymph-nodes imaging rate and SLNB success rate had no significance (P=0.628, P=0.232). Conclusion·Using double tracer (ICG and methylene blue) in SLNB is simple and feasible. The best concentration of ICG is 0.723 mg/mL, which can improve the imaging rate of lymph nodes and lymph nodes.
RESUMO
Objective To observe apelin and its receptor (APJ) expressions in human osteoblasts and evaluate the effect of apelin on osteoblasts.Methods The expressions of apelin and APJ in human osteoblasts were tested by RT-PCR and Western blot.After human osteoblasts were treated with apelin,cell proliferation was measured by [~3H] thymidine incorporation and cell counting.Cell function was measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity,the secreted osteocalcin level and typeⅠcollagen production .The activation of signaling cascades was tested by Western blot.Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) to blockade APJ was applied to observe effects of apelin on cell proliferation and the activation of signaling cascades.Results Both apelin and APJ were expressed in human osteoblasts.Apelin increased the proliferation and did not show the influences on ALP activity, osteocalcin secretion and type I collagen production in human osteoblasts.Apelin induced activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) downstream effector (Akt),but not mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) such as c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK),p38 and ERK1/2 in human osteoblasts.Suppression of APJ with siRNA or LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) abolished the apelin-induced cell proliferation and the activation of Akt.Conclusion Human osteoblasts express apelin and APJ.Apelin stimulates the proliferation of human osteoblast via APJ/PI3K/Akt pathway,but has no effect on osteoblast differentiation.