Ocular risk management in patients undergoing general anesthesia: an analysis of 39,431 surgeries

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to describe and analyze ocular findings associated with nonocular surgery in patients who underwent general anesthesia. METHODS: The authors retrospectively collected a series of 39,431 surgeries using standardized data forms. RESULTS: Ocular findings were reported in 9 cases (2.3:10,000), which involved patients with a mean age of 58.9±19.5 years. These cases involved patients classified as ASA I (33%), ASA II (55%) or ASA III (11%). General anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil was used in 4 cases, balanced general anesthesia was used in 4 cases, and regional block was used in combination with balanced general anesthesia in one case. Five patients (55%) underwent surgery in the supine position, one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lithotomy position, two patients (22%) underwent surgery in the prone position, and one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lateral position. Ocular hyperemia was detected in most (77%) of the 9 cases with ocular findings; pain/burning of the eyes, visual impairment, eye discharge and photophobia were observed in 55%, 11%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of these 9 cases. No cases involved permanent ocular injury or vision loss. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmological findings after surgeries were uncommon, and most of the included patients were relatively healthy. Minor complications, such as dehydration or superficial ocular trauma, should be prevented by following systematic protocols that provide appropriate ocular occlusion with a lubricating ointment and protect the eye with an acrylic occluder. These procedures will refine the quality of anesthesia services and avoid discomfort among patients, surgeons and anesthesia staff. .

Impacto no sistema imunológico da utilização prolongada de morfina para tratamento da dor / Impact on the immune system of long-term morphine used through oral or spinal route in the treatment of neuropathic non-cancer pain

Introdução. Apesar das evidências dos efeitos imunomodulatórios da morfina, não há na literatura estudos que tenham comparado a interação entre citocinas, imunidade celular (linfócitos T, B e NK) e a administração prolongada de morfina administrada pelas vias oral ou intratecal em doentes com dor crônica neuropática não relacionada ao câncer. Foram avaliados de forma transversal e comparativa 50 doentes com diagnóstico de dor lombar crônica e com presença de radiculopatia (dor neuropática) previamente operados para tratar hérnia discal lombar (Síndrome Dolorosa Pós- Laminectomia), sendo 18 doentes tratados prolongadamente com infusão de morfina pela via intratecal com uso de sistema implantável no compartimento subaracnóideo (grupo intratecal); 17 doentes tratados prolongadamente com morfina pela via oral (n=17) e 15 doentes tratados com fármacos mas sem opióides (grupo sem opioide). Foram analisadas as concentração das citocinas IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, TNFalfa, IFNy, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10 e IL-1beta no plasma e no líquido cefalorraquidiano; imunofenotipagem de linfócitos T, B e células NK e avaliados os Índice de Escalonamento de Opióide (em percentagem de opióide utilizada e em mg), dose cumulativa de morfina (mg), duração do tratamento em meses, dose final de morfina utilizada (em mg), e equivalente de morfina por via oral (em mg). Resultados. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o número de linfócitos T, B e NK nos doentes com morfina administrada pelas vias IT, VO e os não usuários de morfina. Houve correlação positiva entre as concentrações de linfócitos T CD4 e o Índice de Escalonamento de Opióide (em % e mg) nos doentes tratados com morfina por via intratecal. Houve correlação negativa entre as concentrações de células NK (CD56+) e o Índice de Escalonamento de Opióide (em % e mg) nos doentes tratados com morfina por via intratecal. Houve correlação positiva entre o número de células NK (CD56+) e a dose cumulativa...

Objective: To analyze plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine levels and cell-mediated immunity (T, B and NK cells) of chronic neuropathic pain patients under long-term morphine treatment administered through the oral or spinal routes. Design: Cross- sectional clinical and laboratory analysis. Subjects:Fifty ambulatory patients with diagnosis of chronic low back pain and presence of radiculopathy (neuropathic pain) previously operated to treat lumbar disc hernia (failed back surgery syndrome) receiving long term morphine treatment (minimum 180 days); 18 patients receiving long term morphine into the intrathecal space through a implanted pump ("spinal group"); 17 patients treated with long-term oral morphine ("oral group") and 15 patients treated with non-opioid analgesics ("without opioid group"). Methods: Were analyzed plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 10 cytokines using a multiplex system (Luminex®) for the following cytokines: IL- 2, IL-4, IL-8, TNFalfa, IFNy, IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1beta; immunophenotyping of lymphocytes T, B and NK cells. Results: There were no significant group demographic differences. No significant T, B and NK cells differences were observed between the 3 groups. CD4 levels and Opioid Escalation Index (OEI) were positively correlated in spninal group. NK cells levels and OEI were negatively correlated in spinal group. NK cells levels and cumulative morphine dose were positively correlated in spninal and oral groups. CSF concentrations of IL-8 and IL-1beta were higher than plasma concentrations in all groups. CSF concentration of FNg were higher in oral and without opioid group. Plasma IL-5 concentrations were higher in the oral and spinal groups compared to without opioid group. CSF concentration of IL-5 was negatively correlated with pain intensity in the oral and spinal groups. CSF concentrations of IL-2 was positively correlated with pain intensity and negatively correlated with OEI and...

Uma criança com câncer atendida pela equipe multiprofissional da clínica de dor / Hospital management of pain in a child with cancer bu a multiprofessional team

Dentre os tumores sólidos, o neuroplastoma é o tumor de localização extra-encefálica mais freqüente, correspondendo a 8-10% do total de câncer infantil. A idade média ao diagnóstico é de dois anos e 90% são diagnosticados com idade menor de cinco anos. Descrevemos o caso de uma menina, dois anos e 9 meses, com diagnóstico de Neuroplastoma, estágio IV. Foi submetida a cirurgia, quimioterapia e realizou transplante autólogo de medula óssea, seguido de radioterapia. Em diversos momentos do tratamento, a mãe da paciente solicitou apoio psicológico para orientação e suporte, o que lhe proporcionou melhor enfrentamento diante da situação. Treze dias antes de falecer, a menina recebeu os cuidados da equipe de dor, para llhe oferecer conforto.