Políticas públicas de desporto: atividades desportivas no 1º ciclo nos municípios da área metropolitana de Lisboa / Sports public policy: sports activities in the first cycle in the municipalities of the metropolitan area of Lisbon

RESUMO Este estudo visa compreender as Políticas Públicas de Desporto no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico formuladas pelos Municípios da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (Portugal). Metodologicamente, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa e interpretativa numa amostra de seis Municípios, recorrendo a modelo de análise com indicadores de natureza estrutural, financeira, estratégica e intermunicipal. A recolha de dados realizou-se entre 2016 e 2018 através de Análise Documental e Entrevista Guiada. Verificou-se que em apenas um dos Municípios o Pelouro do Desporto é responsável pela gestão das atividades, sendo a intervenção Municipal efetuada através da disponibilização de programas de Prática Desportiva, Formação de Professores e Apoio Logístico. Concluímos que os Municípios maioritariamente delegam esta incumbência noutras Entidades e que os programas são predominantemente avaliados como positivos, apesar de terem sido nomeadas lacunas a diversos níveis (estruturais, logísticos e humanos).

ABSTRACT This study seeks to understand the Public Policies of Sports in 1st Cycle of Basic Education formulated by the Municipalities of Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal). Methodologically was used a qualitative and interpretative approach, having applied to six Municipalities a model of analysis with indicators of structural, financial, strategic and inter-municipal nature. Data collection took place between 2016 and 2018, having been used the methods of Document Analysis and Guided Interview. We verified that only in one of the Municipalities the Sport Department is responsible for managing these activities, being the intervention of the Municipalities made through the provision of Sports Practice, Teacher Training and Logistic Support programs. This study allowed us to conclude that the Municipalities mostly delegate this responsibility to other Entities and that the programs are predominantly evaluated as positive, although gaps have been identified at different levels (structural, logistical and human).

Políticas públicas de desporto: promoção de desportos náuticos na área metropolitana de Lisboa / Sports public policy: water sports promotion in the Lisbon metropolitan area / Política pública de deporte: promoción de deportes acuáticos en el área metropolitana de Lisboa

Esta investigação visa compreender as Políticas de Promoção de Desportos Náuticos formuladas por seis Municípios da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa com relação direta a planos de água naturais e que partilham fronteiras. Metodologicamente utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa e interpretativa, tendo sido aplicado um modelo de análise com indicadores de natureza estrutural, financeira, estratégica e intermunicipal.Estes Municípios integram treze espaços naturais e trinta e seis praias onde é possível praticar desportos náuticos, estando ainda prevista a construção de dois Centros Náuticos Desportivos. Concluiu-se que todos os Municípios avaliados têm uma Política Municipal destinada ao Fomento da Prática de Desportos Náuticos que engloba medidas estruturais, formativas e desportivas.

This research seeks to understand the Sports Promotion Policies of Promotion of Nautical Sports formulated by six Municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon with direct relation to natural water plans that share borders. Methodologically we used a qualitative and interpretative approach. The analysis model included indicators of structural, financial, strategic and inter-municipal nature. These municipalities include Thirteen Natural Spaces and Thirty-Six Beaches where it is possible to practice Nautical Sports, being planned the construction of two Nautical Sports Centers. It was concluded that all the municipalities analyzed have a Municipal Policy for the Promotion of the Practice of Nautical Sports that includes structural, educational and sporting measures.

Esta investigación busca entender las Políticas de Promoción de Deportes Náuticos formulada por seis municipios del Área Metropolitana de Lisboa con relación directa a planes de agua naturales que comparten fronteras. Metodológicamente utilizamos un enfoque cualitativo e interpretativo. El modelo de análisis contenía indicadores de naturaleza estructural, financiera, estratégica e intermunicipal. Estos Municipios integran Trece Espacios Naturales y Treinta y seis Playas donde es posible practicar Deportes Náuticos, estando prevista la construcción de dos Centros Náuticos Deportivos. Concluimos que todos los Municipios analizados tienen una Política Municipal destinada al Fomento de la Práctica de Deportes Náuticos que engloba medidas estructurales, formativas e deportivas.

Peripheral Biomarkers for First-Episode Psychosis—Opportunities from the Neuroinflammatory Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is a disabling disorder of unknown aetiology, lacking definite diagnostic method and cure. A reliable biological marker of schizophrenia is highly demanded, for which traceable immune mediators in blood could be promising candidates. We aimed to gather the best findings of neuroinflammatory markers for first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHODS: We performed an extensive narrative review of online literature on inflammation-related markers found in human FEP patients only. RESULTS: Changes to cytokine levels have been increasingly reported in schizophrenia. The peripheral levels of IL-1 (or its receptor antagonist), soluble IL-2 receptor, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α have been frequently reported as increased in FEP, in a suggestive continuum from high-risk stages for psychosis. Microglia and astrocytes establish the link between this immune signalling and the synthesis of noxious tryptophan catabolism products, that cause structural damage and directly hamper normal neurotransmission. Amongst these, only 3-hydroxykynurenine has been consistently described in the blood of FEP patients. CONCLUSION: Peripheral molecules stemming from brain inflammation might provide insightful biomarkers of schizophrenia, as early as FEP or even prodromal phases, although more time- and clinically-adjusted studies are essential for their validation.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis: State of the Art

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling neuroinflammatory disease. Psychiatric manifestations have a high prevalence in MS patients and may worsen the illness progression and the patients’ quality of life (QoL). Depression is a highly prevalent condition in MS patients, associated with poorer adherence to treatment, decreased functional status and QoL, and increased suicide risk. Diagnosis and treatment of this disorder is challenging because of symptom overlap. Other prevalent psychiatric comorbidities are anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders, substance misuse and personality disorders. As the illness progresses, personality changes can happen, as well as affect abnormalities. Cognitive changes occur frequently in MS patients, and affect features like processing speed, attention, learning, memory, visual spatial capabilities, and some language deficits. Disease-modifying treatments may reduce cognitive impairment because of their container action on the brain’s lesion burden. Other QoL determinants such as fatigue, pain, sexual dysfunction, exercise, resilience and social support should be taken into account, in order to promote the individuals’ well-being. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and more neuroimaging studies are required to clarify the relationship between structural changes and psychiatric comorbidities.