Infracción del deber de cuidado y responsabilidad penal del profesional de la salud

Introducción: A pesar de su antigüedad la cuestión de la responsabilidad jurídico-penal del profesional de la salud adquiere cada vez mayor importancia en el orden teórico y práctico, en cuyo escenario se pone de manifiesto una excesiva judicialización de la actividad médica como mecanismo de tutela de los derechos del paciente. Objetivo: Sistematizar las diferentes posturas teóricas que en la actualidad se aprecian en torno a la judicialización de la actividad médica y las causas que la estimulan. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de carácter documental a través de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva en buscadores bibliográficos como Scopus, SciELO, Google Académico y PubMed. La indagación de carácter argumentativa y exploratoria se realizó el 16 de marzo de 2023 y de los 30 artículos encontrados que abordaron la problemática de la mala praxis médica, solo 11 fueron elegidos para el estudio según criterios de selección. Desarrollo: Se sistematizaron las posturas teóricas sobre la judicialización de la actividad médica y las causas que la estimulan; además se determina la correcta interpretación de la lex artis como mecanismo de heterointegración normativa del deber de cuidado del ejecutor de actos médicos, en aras de evitar excesos en la aplicación de la ley penal en este ámbito de actuación profesional. Consideraciones finales: Una mayor intervención del Derecho Penal en el ejercicio de la Medicina no es el paradigma político criminal más eficiente en aras de proteger la vida e integridad del paciente frente a hechos de mala praxis médica.

Introduction: Legal and criminal liability of the health professionals, regardless its antiquity, at present has becoming more and more theoretical and practical relevance in which an excessive judicialization of medical activity is revealed as a mechanism for the protection of patient rights. Objective: Systematization of the different theoretical positions that are currently identified around the judicialization process of medical activity and the likely causes that stimulate it. Method: A documentary study was carried out through an exhaustive bibliographic review in bibliographic search engines such as Scopus, SciELO, Google Scholar and PubMed. The argumentative and exploratory research was conducted on March 16, 2023 and of the 30 articles found concerning medical malpractice, only 11 were chosen for the study with strict selection criteria. Development: The theoretical positions on the judicialization of medical activity and the causes that stimulate it were systematized; in addition, the correct interpretation of the lex artis was presented as a mechanism of normative heterointegration of the duty of care by the medical personnel, in order to avoid excesses in the application of the criminal law in this area of professional activity. Final considerations: A much greater intervention of criminal law in the practice of medicine is not the most efficient policy to protect the life and integrity of the patient in the face up to the medical malpractice.

Introdução: Apesar de sua idade, a questão da responsabilidade jurídico-penal do profissional de saúde adquire cada vez maior importância na ordem teórica e prática, cenário em que se revela uma excessiva judicialização da atividade médica como mecanismo de proteção dos direitos. do paciente. Objetivo: Sistematizar as diferentes posições teóricas que se apreciam atualmente em torno da judicialização da atividade médica e as causas que a estimulam. Método: Foi realizado um estudo documental por meio de revisão bibliográfica exaustiva em buscadores bibliográficos como Scopus, SciELO, Google Acadêmico e PubMed. A investigação argumentativa e exploratória foi realizada no dia 16 de março de 2023 e dos 30 artigos encontrados que abordavam o problema da impericía médica, apenas 11 foram escolhidos para o estudo de acordo com os critérios de seleção. Desenvolvimiento: Foram sistematizados os posicionamentos teóricos sobre a judicialização da atividade médica e as causas que a estimulam; Além disso, determina-se a correta interpretação da lex artis como mecanismo de heterointegração normativa do dever de cuidado do executor de atos médicos, a fim de evitar excessos na aplicação do direito penal neste campo de atuação profissional. Considerações finais: Uma maior intervenção do Direito Penal no exercício da Medicina não é o paradigma político criminal mais eficiente a fim de proteger a vida e a integridade do paciente contra atos de imperícia médica.

Dental caries prevalence, prospects, and challenges for Latin America and Caribbean countries: a summary and final recommendations from a Regional Consensus

Abstract Dental caries can be effectively managed and prevented from developing into cavitated lesions while preserving tooth structure at all levels. However, the strong correlation between caries and socioeconomic factors may compromise the efficacy of preventive strategies. The high prevalence of persistent inequalities in dental caries in Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACC) is a matter of concern. The estimates of the burden of disease in some countries in this region are outdated or absent. This paper aims to summarize and present the final recommendations of a regional Consensus for Dental Caries Prevalence, Prospects, and Challenges for LACC. This consensus is based on four articles that were written by a team of Latin American experts, reviewed by dental associations, and presented and discussed in two consensus events. The following domains were explored: epidemiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and management of dental caries with a focus on restorative procedures. Dental caries can manifest throughout the lifespan of an individual, making it a matter of concern for infants, children, adults, and older people alike. The prevalence rates of untreated caries in deciduous and permanent teeth are high in many parts of the world, including LACCs. Previous evidence suggests that the prevalence of dental caries in 12-year-olds is moderate to high in most Latin American countries. Moreover, the prevalence of treatment needs and dental caries in the adult and elderly population can also be regarded as high in this region. The risk/protective factors (e.g., sugar consumption, exposure to fluoride, and oral hygiene) probably operate similarly in all LACCs, although variations in the interplay of these factors in some countries and within the same country cannot be ruled out. Although salt and water fluoridation programs are implemented in many countries, there is a need for implementation of a surveillance policy. There is also room for improvement with regard to the introduction of minimal intervention techniques in practice and public health programs. Dental caries is a marker of social disadvantage, and oral health promotion programs and interventions aimed at reducing the burden of dental caries in LACCs must consider the complexity of the socioeconomic dynamics in this region. There is an urgent need to promote engagement of stakeholders, policymakers, medical personnel, universities, dental associations, community members, and industries to develop regional plans that enhance the oral health agenda for LACCs. A list of recommendations has been presented to underpin strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence and severity of dental caries and improving the quality of life of the impacted LACC population in the near future.

Periodontal disease and its impact on general health in Latin America: LAOHA Consensus Meeting Report

Abstract: Periodontal diseases are considered a worldwide public health problem, owing to their high prevalence in developed and developing countries. Periodontitis may lead to tooth loss, which can impact oral health-related quality of life. Gingivitis and periodontitis have been extensively studied regarding their etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment outcomes. However, most of these aspects are studied and discussed globally, which may hamper a clear interpretation of the findings and the design of effective plans of action for specific regions or populations. For example, in Latin America, epidemiological data about the distribution of periodontal diseases is still scarce, mainly when it comes to nationwide representative samples. This Consensus aimed to address the following topics related to periodontal diseases in Latin America: a) The impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health: a global reality; b) Periodontal diseases in Latin America; c) Strategies for the prevention of periodontal diseases in Latin America; d) Problems associated with diagnosis of periodontal conditions and possible solutions for Latin America; e) Treatment of Periodontitis. This consensus will help to increase awareness about diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases, in the context of Latin American countries.